0) with 1 mM EDTA and were diluted 1:100 in lysis buffer before use [60]. On day

one, total RNA samples (10 μg, 1 μg/μL) were added to wells containing 50 μL of capture hybridization buffer and 50 μL of diluted probe set. The RNA was allowed to hybridize overnight with probe set at 53°C. On day two, subsequent hybridization steps were followed as mentioned in manufacturer’s protocol, and fluorescence was measured with a GloRunnerTM microplate luminometer interfaced with GloRunner DXL Software (Turner Biosystems, Sunnywale, CA). The fluorescence for each well was reported as relative light units (RLU) per 10 μg of total RNA. Preparation of crude membrane preparations from liver and kidneys Crude membrane TPCA-1 nmr fractions were prepared from livers and kidney, as this fraction has been previously described for measurement KU55933 of transporter

expression [24, 61]. Approximately 50 mg of tissue was homogenized in Sucrose-Tris (ST) buffer (250 mM sucrose 10 mM Tris–HCl buffer, pH 7.4) and containing protease Verubecestat purchase inhibitor cocktail (2 μg/mL, Sigma-Aldrich, Co, St. Louis, MO). Homogenates were centrifuged at 100,000 g for 60 min at 4°C. ST buffer (200 μl) was used to re-suspend the resulting pellet. Protein concentration of the crude membrane fractions was determined using the Biorad DC protein assay reagent (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA). Western blot analysis of crude membrane fractions Western blot analysis was used for identification and quantification of specific transport proteins. Crude membrane fractions (50 μg protein/well) were electrophoretically resolved by SDS-Polyacrylamide gel (4-20%) electrophoresis. Proteins were transblotted onto polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane (Millipore, Bedford, MA) at 100 V for 45 minutes. The membrane was blocked overnight at 4°C with 2% non-fat dry milk in phosphate-buffered saline with 0.05% Tween Bcl-w 20 (PBS/T). The membrane was then incubated with primary antibody in PBS/T for 3 hrs at room temperature. Following three washes in PBS/T, the membrane was incubated with species-specific peroxidase-labeled secondary antibody diluted in PBS/T

for 1 hour at room temperature. The specific information about the source, dilution, type, and molecular weight of primary and secondary antibodies is detailed in supplemental information (Additional file 2: Table S1). After incubation with secondary antibody, membranes were washed three times in PBS/T, incubated with ECL + fluorescence Reagent (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK), and developed using autoradiography. Protein bands on autoradiographs were quantified using Quantity One® software v4.6.3 (Biorad, Hercules, CA). B-actin or Gapdh were used as loading controls for western blotting. Immunohistochemical staining Abcc3 expression and localization were evaluated because increased Abcc3 protein expression in liver is associated with changes in vectorial excretion of acetaminophen-glucuronide [25].