[19] and illustrated in the Maximum parsimony tree based on the ITS region (Fig. 2) are mixed in the ACT, TEF and RPB1 trees (data not shown) as well as in the multi-locus tree (Fig. 1) within arrhizus and delemar, respectively. The variety tonkinensis was represented in our study by 4 strains, which were all morphologically assigned to this variety by Zheng et al. [17]: CBS 257.28, CBS 330.53, CBS 399.95 and the ex-type strain of var. tonkinensis,

CBS 400.95. The variety was neither detected in the single locus trees using the ML approach nor in the ITS tree using the maximum parsimony approach (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). Figure 3 illustrates schematically the maximum intra- and interspecific distances within the Rhizopus arrhizus/R. delemar complex for both possible scenarios: (i) lineages arrhizus and delemar belong to a single FDA-approved Drug Library solubility dmso variable species and represent varieties, or (ii) lineages arrhizus and delemar represent separate species. In the latter scenario (Fig. 3b) the intraspecific variability of arrhizus and delemar, and especially the distance between both entities, is very small compared to distances

to other species. In accordance with single-gene and multi-gene genealogies, the AFLP banding patterns, when clustered with UPGMA in BioNumerics v. 4.61, clearly revealed two different groups for arrhizus and delemar (Fig. 4). Forty-eight strains of arrhizus and 34 strains of delemar were analyzed statistically in order to establish whether the click here entities differ significantly in ecology, geographic

distribution or clinical relevance. The proportions were as follows (illustrated with colored squares in Fig. 1): 14 clinical strains, 8 food strains and 2 environmental strains in arrhizus and 4 Teicoplanin clinical and 8 food strains but no environmental strain in delemar. Remaining strains originated from unknown sources. No significant difference was found between sources and clusters (chi square = 2.86, P = 0.091, critical level = 0.05), and no difference in geographic distributions between arrhizus and delemar was detected. No physiological difference was detected between arrhizus and delemar (Table 3). All tested strains were negative for laccase, cellulose, and tyrosinase and positive for lipase and amylase. The majority of strains were positive for gelatin liquefaction and siderophore production, but no significant correlation was observed between negative strains and taxonomic entities or source of isolation. A few strains showed urease activity, while the activity of this enzyme could not be related to taxonomy or ecology. All tested strains (20 of arrhizus and 20 of delemar) grew well (average 64 mm/days) with 30–36 °C as optimum temperature range. At 40 °C strains were inhibited for about 50%. According to our experimental design, the maximum growth temperature was 45 °C with reduced growth for all strains tested.