Among the control animals, there were no observable changes in behavior before and after supplementation throughout the study. Incidences

of burrowing and fighting were also minimal (attributable to normal behavior in rats). However, among the treatment groups, a progressive increase in number of animals engaged in burrowing and fighting was noted during the study period. It was also noted that the ease of handling during dosing became increasingly difficult in these groups. Although difficult to quantify, it was also observed that as the study progressed an increasingly higher Metabolism inhibitor proportion of animals in the high dose category displayed aggressive tendencies as compared to the low dose animals. We investigated the potential toxic effects of the kerosene supplementation rat liver. Our results showed no statistically significant effects on the liver enzymes (AST and ALT) for both doses tested (Fig. 3A). Total proteins

showed a decreasing trend but it did not reach statistical significance (Fig. 3B) (low dose P = 0.064, high dose P = 0.068). Serum albumin levels showed a significant decrease (Fig. 3B) (P = 0.038) for the low dose group. Kerosene supplementation did not significantly affect the kidney’s ability to eliminate creatinine from blood (Fig. 3A). Crude kerosene supplementation increased white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), platelets, BMS-754807 nmr hematocrit concentration (HCT) and the red cell distribution width (RDW) counts in a dose depended manner (Fig. 4A). Although there were increases in the counts for low dose group, the values did not reach statistical

significance. The animals on a high dose kerosene supplementation had a significant increase in the WBC (P = 0.036, RBC (P = 0.025), HCT (p = 0.029), RDW (0.029) and platelets (P = 0.018) as compared to the untreated controls. WBC differential count showed a significant increase in the levels of monocytes in the low dose group relative to Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase the control group (Fig. 4B). Differential counts of the other types of WBC remained essentially unaltered between all the groups. Kerosene supplementation resulted in an active chronic gastritis in the stomach in both test group animals. This effect was demonstrated by the infiltration of the eosinophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells present on the gastric mucosa and sub-mucosa. Despite being on similar diets and environmental condition, the control animals showed no signs of gastritis (Fig. 5). There were no morphological changes on the brain (Fig. 6A – C) and the esophagus (Fig. 6D – F) for the animals in the various groups including control and treatment. This is indicative that the kerosene supplementation at our experimental doses had no toxic effects on both the brain and the esophagus.