As expected, removal of the fatty content greatly improved the sensitivity of the LFD. BoNT/A was detected at 10 ng/mL in defatted whole and defatted 1% milk and at a limit of 5 ng/mL in defatted 2% milk (Table 1). BoNT/B was detected at 25 ng/mL in defatted whole milk and at 10 ng/mL in both 2% and 1% defatted milk (Table 1). It should be noted that these defatted samples flowed faster and more evenly than the diluted milk samples. Overall, for the milk samples, fat removal versus sample dilution resulted in greater

sensitivity. BoNT/A/B spiked (500 ng/mL) apple (Fig. 4A–B) and orange juices (Fig. 4C–D) were also evaluated with our LFD. Following the spike with BoNT/A and B, Selleckchem C59 wnt both juices were brought to a neutral pH using 1 M NaOH, then serially diluted from 1 μg/mL to 10 ng/mL in neutralized juice. Apple juice was directly tested, and a limit of detection of 25 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL for BoNT/A and /B, respectively was achieved. Dilution of the spiked apple juice with a phosphate

buffer p38 kinase assay did not improve assay performance for either BoNT/A or /B. The lowest level of detection following dilution was from samples with an initial spike of 50 ng/mL for BoNT/A and 10 ng/mL for BoNT/B. Orange juice samples were diluted 2-fold with a phosphate buffer prior to testing. Both BoNT/A and B could be detected in samples spiked at 25 ng/mL before dilution, but not lower. The limit of detection following centrifugation remained at 25 ng/mL for both BoNT/A and B. Thus removal of particulate pulp in orange juice did not improve the sensitivity of the assay for either toxin. Naturally

occurring C. botulinum infection Pomalidomide in the United States is a rare, but a serious condition. Foodborne botulism occurs sporadically throughout the country and is most often related to home-canned food, where the bacteria proliferate within the anaerobic environment ( Sobel, 2005). A recent epidemiological study of wound botulism noted a 20-fold rise in known cases over a 10 year period, mostly attributed to injection drug users ( Werner et al., 2000). Finally, attempts by bioterrorists to weaponize BoNT have been well documented in many countries ( Arnon et al., 2001 and Swaminathan, 2011). The most recent occurrence was in Japan, when, over a five year period, three attempts were made to disseminate aerosolized toxin in downtown Tokyo and at a U.S. military base in Japan ( Arnon et al., 2001). Given the public health threat of BoNTs many international groups have sought to develop alternative diagnostic assays to offset the labor-intensive mouse bioassay. The majority of these efforts focus on improving the sensitivity and selectivity of antibody based immunoassays. The use of BoNT serotype specific antibodies as part of diagnostic immunoassays has proven capable of resolving specific BoNT serotypes present at pg/mL in various matrices (Szilagyi et al.