Based on previous research with individual compounds contained in NO-Shotgun® [15, 25–27], we hypothesized that 28 days of heavy resistance training combined with this supplement would preferentially increase muscle strength and mass and stimulate the expression of markers indicative of satellite cell activation, without having any adverse effects on blood clinical chemistry markers. Methods Participants Eighteen apparently healthy, recreationally active, non-resistance trained [no consistent (at least thrice weekly) resistance training for one year prior to the study] males with an average age of 22.8 ± 4.67 yr, height of 179.5 ± 6.38 cm, and
total body mass of 79.1 ± 16.13 kg completed the study. All participants passed a mandatory medical screening. Participants www.selleckchem.com/products/pifithrin-alpha.html with contraindications to exercise as outlined by the American College of Sports Medicine and/or who had
consumed Selleckchem Savolitinib any nutritional supplements (excluding multi-vitamins) such creatine monohydrate, nitric oxide, hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB), VX-689 clinical trial various androstenedione derivatives, or pharmacologic agents such as anabolic steroids three months prior to the study were not allowed to participate. All eligible subjects signed a university-approved informed consent document. Additionally, all experimental procedures involved in this study conformed to the ethical considerations of the Helsinki Code. Testing sessions The study included baseline testing at day 0 followed by a
follow-up testing session at day 29 in which blood and muscle samples were obtained and where body composition and muscle performance tests were performed. Strength assessment Upper- and lower-body one repetition maximum (1-RM) strength tests were performed using the free weight bench press and angled leg press exercises (Nebula, Versailles, OH), respectively. Initially, Niclosamide an estimated 50% (1-RM) measured from the previous testing 1-RM test, was utilized to complete 5 to 10 repetitions. After a two min rest period, a load of 70% of estimated (1-RM) was utilized to perform 3 to 5 repetitions. Weight was gradually increased until a 1-RM was reached with each following lift, with a two min rest period in between each successful lift. Test-retest reliability of performing these strength assessments on subjects within our laboratory has demonstrated low mean coefficients of variation and high reliability for the bench press (1.9%, intraclass r = 0.94) and leg press (0.7%, intraclass r = 0.91), respectively. Body composition assessment Total body mass (kg) was determined on a standard dual beam balance scale (Detecto Bridgeview, IL). Percent body fat, fat mass, and fat-free mass were determined using DEXA (Hologic Discovery Series W, Waltham, MA).