Due to the nature of the interventions, none of the trials was able to blind the participants or therapists to the intervention. Eight trials blinded the assessor, four trials used intention-to-treat analysis, and eight trials concealed allocation. Sufficient data in the form of means and standard deviations were provided in six trials to allow calculation of effect sizes (Agorastides et al 2007, Bertoft et al 1984, Hodgson et al 2003, Kay et al 2008, Lefevre-Colau et al 2007, Maciel et al 2005). For an additional trial, the mean and standard deviations were imputed

from a graph (Pasila et al 1974). Five trials provided adequate data to estimate means and standard deviations by providing median and interquartile ranges (Krischak et al 2009, Watt et al 2000), means with p values ( Revay et al 1992), and means with standard Ku-0059436 mw errors ( Lundberg et al 1979, Wakefield

and McQueen, 2000). Two trials provided insufficient data to calculate standardised mean differences ( Christensen et al 2001, Hodgson et al 2007). Participants: www.selleckchem.com/products/lee011.html The 13 trials included in the analysis provided data from 781 participants aged from 32 to 82 years, of whom about 80% were female (see Table 2). Participants had sustained either a distal radius fracture (7 trials) or a proximal humeral fracture (6 trials) (see Table 2). No other upper limb fractures were included. Synthesis: Only one meta-analysis could be performed. Clinical heterogeneity between trials precluded further meta-analysis. The results are presented according to the interventions being compared and the type of fracture. Distal radius fractures: There is preliminary evidence from a single trial that exercise combined with advice can improve upper limb activity and reduce pain in the short term after distal radius fracture. A single session of advice and exercise compared to no intervention found improvements in upper limb activity at 3 weeks (SMD 0.61, 95% CI 0.03 to 1.19), and reduced pain at 3 weeks (SMD 0.77, 95% CI 0.18 to 1.36) and 6 weeks 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase (SMD 0.63, 95% CI 0.04 to 1.04) ( Kay et al 2008). There were

no other statistically significant between-group differences for the primary outcome measure of wrist extension or for the secondary outcomes of other ranges of motion and grip strength at weeks three or six. Proximal humeral fractures: No trials examined exercise and advice compared to no intervention after proximal humerus fracture. Distal radius fractures: There is no evidence to support adding supervised exercise to a home exercise program after distal radius fracture ( Figure 2). None of the three trials that investigated the effect of physiotherapy-supervised exercise plus a home exercise program compared to a home exercise program alone reported statistically significant betweengroup differences for any impairment or activity outcome measures ( Christensen et al 2001, Maciel et al 2005, Pasila et al 1974).