EP/P505399/1). E.P. was funded by the MASTS

pooling initiative (The Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland) and their support is gratefully acknowledged. MASTS is funded by the Scottish Funding Council (Grant Reference HR09011) and contributing institutions. “
“The rapidity of anthropogenic marine climate change intensifies the pressure for marine organisms to adapt and survive (Hoegh-Guldberg and Bruno, 2010, Doney et al., 2012 and Zeebe, 2012). Selection for phenotypes resilient against environmental changes may increase a species’ adaptation potential, if traits associated with robustness are heritable. In such cases, the scope for selection will be greater in species that exhibit naturally large inter-individual variation in responses (Sunday et al., 2011, Foo et al., 2012 and Schlegel et al., 2012). Climate change impacts on vulnerable gametes are particularly likely to have flow-on effects, especially in broadcast Entinostat supplier spawners (Hofmann et al., 2010 and Kroeker et al., 2010). Here, selection www.selleckchem.com/products/Bortezomib.html against susceptible phenotypes may, if heritable, quickly reduce the genetic composition and diversity of subsequent

life stages. A resultant gene bottleneck could have severe consequences for overall species fitness (Reed and Frankham, 2003 and Frankham, 2005). An increasing number of studies are focusing on responses of gametes to future ocean conditions across a range of broadcast spawning species (Wicks and Roberts, 2012 and Gazeau et al., 2013), particularly in echinoderms (e.g., Caldwell et al., 2011, Reuter et al., 2011 and Schlegel et al., 2012). With the exception of a recent study by Lewis

et al., (2012), polychaetes have been largely overlooked. This is perplexing as they are common foundation species that modify environments and enhance biodiversity (Smith et al., 2005), and are important as fouling organisms (Bulleri et al., 2005), and soft sediment bioturbators (Coleman and Williams, 2002). We investigated the sperm swimming behavior of the serpulid polychaete Galeolaria caespitosa Flavopiridol (Alvocidib) (Lamarck 1818) under CO2-induced ocean acidification. G. caespitosa is a tube building filter feeder that dominates the mid intertidal region on moderate to extremely exposed rocky shores along the temperate Australian intertidal environment ( Edgar, 1997 and Bulleri et al., 2005). Due to its tolerance to hyposaline conditions, this species also commonly occurs in estuarine environments ( Tait et al., 1981 and Tait et al., 1984). G. caespitosa has a complex life history, where dioecious adults are reproductively mature during most months of the year. Gametes fertilize externally and develop into free swimming planktotrophic larvae that mature into demersal larvae ( Andrews and Anderson, 1962 and Marsden and Anderson, 1981). After settlement, larvae metamorphose into juveniles that build and reside in a carbonate tube cemented to the substrate ( Smith et al., 2013). The fertilization kinetics are well documented for G.