Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis Fatty acids were extracted from frozen filters using a chloroform-methanol protocol [33] and converted into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) using a boron trifluoride-methanol protocol [34]. The FAMEs were identified and quantified by gas chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometry using a protocol described in detail elsewhere [35]. The ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids was quantified as the sum of the relative proportions of palmitic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0) divided by the sum of the relative proportions palmitoleic GSK1838705A in vivo acid (16:1Δ9cis) and cis-vaccenic acid (18:1Δ11cis), which are

the dominant membrane phospholipid fatty acids of this bacterium [36]. The two-tailed Student’s t-test with a p-value cutoff of 0.05 was used to test the hypothesis that the degree of saturation was different between treatment and control cultures. Results and discussion Sodium chloride and PEG8000 have the same effect on the specific

growth rate The effect of the permeating solute sodium chloride see more and the non-permeating solute PEG8000 on the specific growth rate of strain RW1 was tested using liquid batch cultures. A decrease in the water potential by 0.25 to 1.0 MPa with sodium chloride or PEG8000 did not have a substantial effect on the specific growth rate of this strain (Figure 1). A decrease in the water potential by 1.5 MPa, however, significantly reduced the specific growth rate by 37 to 40%, while a further decrease in the water potential by 2.5 MPa reduced the specific growth rate by 67 to 80% (Figure 1). In G protein-coupled receptor kinase general, the data indicate that a thermodynamically equivalent decrease in the water potential by adding sodium chloride or PEG8000 had a similar negative effect on the specific growth rate of strain RW1. Figure 1 The effect of sodium chloride or PEG8000 on the specific growth rate of strain RW1. The water potential was decreased with sodium chloride (filled squares) or PEG8000 (open squares) and zero-order

specific growth rates were measured by linear regression. All measurements are averages from three biological cultures and error bars are one standard deviation. Transcriptional responses to this website short-term perturbation with sodium chloride or PEG8000 Transcriptome profiling was used to identify genes whose expression levels respond to short-term (30 min) perturbation with sodium chloride or PEG8000. A decrease in the water potential by 0.25 MPa was used for transcriptome profiling because this perturbation level did not have a substantial effect on the specific growth rate of strain RW1 (Figure 1). The use of this low level of perturbation reduced the probability of generating non-specific and secondary growth-related effects, and therefore helped to isolate the direct transcriptional responses to these perturbations from the indirect responses that may accumulate when using higher levels of perturbation.