For MSOME, spermatozoa were analysed at x8400 magnification by inverted microscope equipped with Nomarski differential interference contrast optics, Uplan Apo x 100 oil/1.35 objective lens and variable zoom lens. By Tygerberg criteria, the semen underwent morphological evaluation as described in the literature.

Regression analysis demonstrated significant positive correlation between percentage of normal sperm forms by Tygerberg criteria and by MSOME (r = 0.83, P < 0.0001). However, the incidence of normal spermatozoa by Tygerberg criteria (9.4%) was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) than under MSOME (3.3%). Despite the highly positive correlation, MSOME is a much GSI-IX stricter criterion of sperm morphology classification, since it identifies vacuoles and chromatin abnormalities that are not evaluated with the same precision by the analysis of Tygerberg

criteria. MSOME should be included among the routine criteria for semen analysis. In addition, MSOME should be used for selection of spermatozoa for intracytoplasmic sperm injection based on the already published literature, as this is a good selection tool.”
“Recent reports discuss the altered bone homeostasis in cigarette smokers, being a risk factor for osteoporosis and negatively influencing fracture healing. Cigarette smoke is known to induce oxidative stress in GW2580 clinical trial the body via an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These increases in ROS are thought to damage the bone-forming osteoblasts. Naturally occurring polyphenols contained in green tea extract (GTE), e.g., catechins, are known to have anti-oxidative properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether GTE and especially catechins protect primary human osteoblasts from cigarette smoke-induced damage and to identify the underlying mechanisms.

Primary human osteoblasts were isolated from patients’ femur heads. Cigarette smoke medium (CSM) was obtained using a gas-washing bottle and

standardized by its optical density (OD320) at lambda = 320 nm. ROS formation was CYT387 ic50 measured using 2’7′dichlorofluorescein diacetate, and osteoblasts’ viability was detected by resazurin conversion.

Co-, pre-, and post-incubation with GTE and catechins significantly reduced ROS formation and thus improved the viability of CSM-treated osteoblasts. Besides GTE’s direct radical scavenging properties, pre-incubation with both GTE and catechins protected osteoblasts from CSM-induced damage. Inhibition of the anti-oxidative enzyme HO-1 significantly reduced the protective effect of GTE and catechins emphasizing the key role of this enzyme in GTE anti-oxidative effect.

Our data suggest possible beneficial effects on bone homeostasis, fracture healing, and bone mineral density following a GTE-rich diet or supplementation.