Furthermore, we showed that the marrow contents of long bones contained normal amounts of other cells with regenerative potential (CD34+ and CD31+ cells [61] and [62]) necessary to orchestrate the fracture healing processes. In summary, this study demonstrates that the femoral IM cavity represents a depot of MSCs which could be used for autogenous/allogeneic use

and can be harvested using ‘low-tech’ techniques for a variety of commonly performed selleck products operations including trauma surgery and total hip replacement. The IM cavities of long-bones, in which the FBM resides, are also readily accessible by the orthopaedic surgeon during lower-limb arthroplasty/nailing of long-bone fractures, with the marrow contents requiring removal prior to prosthesis insertion. Enumeration of MSCs from LBFBM is possible using the CD271+ CD45low phenotype and their concentration could be achieved with the use of magnetic beads against the CD271 molecule. The use of freshly-isolated or minimally-expanded LBFBM-derived MSCs

could therefore have important scientific and economic benefits in tissue engineering and treatment of fracture non-unions. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. We gratefully acknowledge the help of Drs Sally Kinsey and Geoff Shenton for the collection of ICBMA from allogeneic bone marrow transplant donors. G.C. is supported by DePuy. S.A.B. is supported by PurStem— FP7 project No. 223298. S.C. is supported by NIHR-Leeds Musculoskeletal and Biomedical Research Unit (LMBRU). P.V.G is part LGK-974 manufacturer supported by the NIHR/LMBRU. CTB was supported by Science Foundation Ireland under the Short Term Travel Fellowship scheme (08/Y15/B1336 STTF 08). TR is supported by Kuwaiti government. This work was partially funded through WELMEC, a Centre of

Excellence in Medical Engineering funded by the Wellcome Trust and EPSRC, under grant number WT 088908/Z/09/Z. “
“Weight and body composition are major determinants of bone size and density throughout life, reflecting adaptation of skeletal modelling to loading and endocrine influences. This is reflected in positive associations between fat mass and BMD in adults and the negative correlation between risk of fracture and Smoothened weight in the elderly [1]. Studies of children have yielded conflicting results with regard to the relationships between fat mass, and bone size, density and fracture risk. Thus some studies have shown positive relationships between fat mass and bone size[2] and [3], with others additionally demonstrating negative associations with bone mineral content [4], [5], [6] and [7], suggesting a failure of the skeleton to achieve adequate adaptation to the excess load resulting from obesity. Further studies have shown associations which varied by the age and sex of the child and whether the relationships were assessed cross-sectionally or longitudinally [8] and [9].