parahaemolyticus strains was analyzed by different methods, including empiric https://www.selleckchem.com/products/KU-55933.html analyzes, rarefaction curves, allele-based MSTs and sequence-based UPGMAs on nucleotide as well as on peptide level. The observed diversity of (p)STs, alleles, polymorphic sites, as well as d N /d S -, D- and -value of our strain set were similar to those obtained for the pubMLST strain collection (Tables 1, 2 and 3). This indicates that our subset is

an adequate sample of the pubMLST strain collections in regard to MLST and AA-MLST properties. All applied methods revealed a high diversity in the environmental strain collections of V. parahaemolyticus on global as well as on local scales, as shown by others [13, 15, 19, 23–26, 39]. This was also indicated by the results obtained by rarefaction curve calculation. Rarefaction is a data re-sampling method that indicates whether the natural diversity was sampled (curve reaches the plateau) or is still rising at the end of the collection. Even the curve for the entire pubMLST database was still rising at the total sample size, indicating that some diversity of the V. parahaemolyticus population remains unsampled. According to the method the dataset represents a random sample taken from a Verubecestat closed system of a stable spectrum of types. Like Forbes and Horne suggested for Campylobacter, there are two possible nonexclusive

explanations [40]: First, there is a closed system with a constant and stable spectrum of types but the {Selleck Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleck Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleck Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleck Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleckchem Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleckchem Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|buy Anti-infection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library ic50|Anti-infection Compound Library price|Anti-infection Compound Library cost|Anti-infection Compound Library solubility dmso|Anti-infection Compound Library purchase|Anti-infection Compound Library manufacturer|Anti-infection Compound Library research buy|Anti-infection Compound Library order|Anti-infection Compound Library mouse|Anti-infection Compound Library chemical structure|Anti-infection Compound Library mw|Anti-infection Compound Library molecular weight|Anti-infection Compound Library datasheet|Anti-infection Compound Library supplier|Anti-infection Compound Library in vitro|Anti-infection Compound Library cell line|Anti-infection Compound Library concentration|Anti-infection Compound Library nmr|Anti-infection Compound Library in vivo|Anti-infection Compound Library clinical trial|Anti-infection Compound Library cell assay|Anti-infection Compound Library screening|Anti-infection Compound Library high throughput|buy Antiinfection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library ic50|Antiinfection Compound Library price|Antiinfection Compound Library cost|Antiinfection Compound Library solubility dmso|Antiinfection Compound Library purchase|Antiinfection Compound Library manufacturer|Antiinfection Compound Library research buy|Antiinfection Compound Library order|Antiinfection Compound Library chemical structure|Antiinfection Compound Library datasheet|Antiinfection Compound Library supplier|Antiinfection Compound Library in vitro|Antiinfection Compound Library cell line|Antiinfection Compound Library concentration|Antiinfection Compound Library clinical trial|Antiinfection Compound Library cell assay|Antiinfection Compound Library screening|Antiinfection Compound Library high throughput|Anti-infection Compound high throughput screening| collection schemes were not comprehensive to encompass the total ST diversity present. Second, the assumption of the closed system is invalid for the analyzed populations. Based on the available literature and our data the most appropriate interpretation for V. parahaemolyticus is that the present population represents an extremely large pool of strains continuously growing due to mutation and recombination

[41]. For regional subpopulations strain input could occur via human activities (e.g. disposal of contaminated seafood or ships’ ballast waters) as well as migrating birds [42–45]. ifoxetine The majority of the identified STs was recovered only once like shown for V. parahaemolyticus of different sources in Thailand [24]. The high proportion of new STs can be explained by the continuously changing genotypes via recombination esp. in environmental strains [15, 46] and is indicative of a poor representation of the actual diversity of V. parahaemolyticus by the pubMLST dataset [24]. Purifying selection leads to loss of diversity on peptide level The loss of diversity on peptide level can be explained by evolutionary negative selection of non-synonymous nucleotide changes that would result in an altered amino acid composition. In the case of V. parahaemolyticus 95.8% of the reduction in strain diversity stemmed from the wobble bases. This is reflected by the d N /d S value.