A 120-day feeding trial was implemented to investigate the effects of incorporating BHT into the diet of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). BHT was incorporated into the basal diet in graded concentrations: 0, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg/kg, represented as BHT0, BHT11, BHT19, BHT35, BHT85, and BHT121 mg BHT/kg diets, respectively. Triplicate groups of fish, having an average weight of 775.03 grams (mean standard deviation), consumed one of the six experimental diets. Despite varying dietary BHT levels, growth performance, feed utilization, and survival rates displayed no significant changes in any experimental group; however, BHT concentration in muscle tissue exhibited a dose-dependent escalation until the 60-day mark of the trial. Intervertebral infection A downward trend was noted in BHT accumulation within muscle tissue for all the treatment groups, subsequent to this. Additionally, the body's overall proximate composition, nonspecific immune responses, and hematological markers (with the exception of triglycerides) were not noticeably affected by the dietary inclusion of BHT. A noteworthy elevation in blood triglyceride levels was evident in fish consuming the BHT-free diet, in comparison to all other treatment cohorts. This research, thus, highlights the safety and effectiveness of dietary BHT (up to 121 mg/kg) as an antioxidant, without observable adverse effects on the growth rate, body composition, and immune function of the marine fish olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus.

This research investigated the effects of varying concentrations of quercetin on growth, immunity, antioxidant capacity, blood chemistry, and heat stress response in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). In a study spanning 60 days, 216 common carp, with an average weight of 2721.53 grams, were divided among 12 tanks. The tanks were further classified into four treatment groups, each containing three replications, and fed diets formulated with 0mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg, and 600mg/kg of quercetin. The growth performance varied considerably, resulting in treatments T2 and T3 demonstrating the greatest final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and feed intake (FI) (P < 0.005), as indicated by statistical evaluation. Overall, a diet supplemented with quercetin (400-600mg/kg) yielded improvements in growth performance, enhanced immune responses, strengthened antioxidant defenses, and amplified heat stress tolerance.

Azolla's high nutritional value, plentiful production, and low cost make it a promising constituent of fish feed. To determine the effectiveness of replacing a portion of daily feed with fresh green azolla (FGA), this study assesses its influence on the growth, digestive enzymes, hematobiochemical profile, antioxidant response, intestinal morphology, body composition, and flesh quality of monosex Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, with an average initial weight of 1080 ± 50 grams. Five experimental groups experienced varying degrees of commercial feed replacement with FGA for 70 days, specifically 0% (T 0), 10% (T 1), 20% (T 2), 30% (T 3), and 40% (T 4). Results indicated that incorporating 20% azolla into the diet maximized growth performance, hematological parameters, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and fish whole-body protein content. In the group receiving a 20% azolla replacement, the intestinal levels of chymotrypsin, trypsin, lipase, and amylase were the most elevated. In treatments incorporating FGA levels of 10% and 40%, the thickness of the mucosa and submucosa exhibited the highest measurements, respectively, while the villi's length and width demonstrably contracted. No appreciable differences (P > 0.05) were detected in the levels of serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and creatinine among the different treatments. Significant (P<0.05) increases were observed in hepatic total antioxidant capacity, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities as FGA replacement levels were increased up to 20%, while malonaldehyde activity correspondingly decreased. Significant decreases in muscular pH, stored loss percentage, and frozen leakage rate were directly linked to augmented dietary FGA levels. see more After careful analysis, the researchers concluded that replacing 20% or less of the diet with FGA holds promise as a feeding method for monosex Nile tilapia, potentially leading to improved fish growth, quality, profitability, and sustainability in the tilapia industry.

The digestive tracts of Atlantic salmon fed plant-rich diets frequently exhibit steatosis and inflammation. The identification of choline's recent essentiality for seawater salmon is complemented by the frequent use of -glucan and nucleotides for inflammation prevention. The research is designed to determine whether varying fishmeal (FM) concentrations (from 0% to 40%, in eight distinct levels) and supplementation with a combination of choline (30 g/kg), β-glucan (0.5 g/kg), and nucleotides (0.5 g/kg) may lead to a reduction in observable symptoms. In 16 saltwater tanks, salmon (186g) were maintained for 62 days, during which time 12 fish per tank were sampled for evaluation of biochemical, molecular, metabolome, and microbiome indicators of function and health. The examination showed steatosis, but no accompanying inflammation. Supplementing and increasing fat mass (FM) levels positively affected lipid digestion, resulting in reduced fatty liver (steatosis), possibly related to choline levels. Blood metabolites corroborated this visual representation. The influence of FM levels is primarily on genes in intestinal tissue, specifically those involved in metabolic and structural functions. Only a select few possess immunity genes. Employing the supplement resulted in a decrease in these FM effects. Elevated fibrous matter (FM) in gut digesta resulted in a surge in microbial richness and diversity, and a shift in the makeup of the microbial community, but this pattern was limited to unsupplemented diets. Atlantic salmon at the present developmental stage and under the prevailing conditions have a calculated average choline requirement of 35g/kg.

The centuries-long practice of utilizing microalgae as food by ancient cultures has been highlighted in studies. The nutritional makeup of microalgae, as documented in recent scientific reports, demonstrates their capacity to store polyunsaturated fatty acids, contingent on the operational conditions. Increasingly, the aquaculture industry is focusing on these traits as potentially cost-saving replacements for fish meal and oil, expensive components whose heavy reliance has become a significant obstacle to the sector's sustainable development. This review explores the utilization of microalgae for polyunsaturated fatty acids in aquaculture feed, while acknowledging the challenges of scaled-up industrial production. Furthermore, this document details various methods for enhancing microalgae cultivation and boosting the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids, specifically highlighting the accumulation of DHA, EPA, and ARA. In addition, the document brings together several investigations that show microalgae-based food sources are beneficial for marine and freshwater creatures. In conclusion, the research examines the elements impacting production rates, improvement methodologies, and potential for scaling up, while confronting the principal difficulties of industrializing microalgae for aquafeeds.

To assess the influence of replacing fishmeal with cottonseed meal (CSM) on growth, protein metabolism, and antioxidant capacity, a 10-week study was undertaken with Asian red-tailed catfish, Hemibagrus wyckioides. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets (C0, C85, C172, C257, and C344) were formulated to demonstrate the replacement of fishmeal with CSM. Each diet incorporated a specific percentage of CSM ranging from 0% to 344% of the original fishmeal. Weight gain, daily growth coefficient, pepsin, and intestinal amylase activities experienced an initial rise and then a subsequent decrease in response to escalating dietary CSM levels; the C172 group demonstrated the most pronounced values (P < 0.005). Hepatic glutathione reductase activity and plasma immunoglobulin M content both showed an initial rise, then a fall, as dietary CSM levels augmented; the C172 group showcased the highest readings. The results demonstrated that incorporating CSM in the diet, up to a 172% level, improved growth rate, feed cost, digestive enzyme activity, and protein metabolism in H. wyckioide, without affecting antioxidant activity. Further increasing inclusion levels, however, resulted in a decrease in these performance measures. A potentially inexpensive plant protein alternative, CSM, could be suitable in the diet of H. wyckioide.

To explore the effects of tributyrin (TB) supplementation on growth performance, intestinal digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant capacity, and inflammation-related gene expression in juvenile large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), an 8-week experiment was carried out using fish initially weighing 1290.002 grams and fed diets containing high levels of Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (CAP). cutaneous autoimmunity The negative control diet comprised fishmeal (FM) as the main protein source at a 40% level. Conversely, the positive control diet involved substituting 45% of the fishmeal protein (FM) with chitosan (FC). Based on the FC diet, five further experimental diets were formulated, with each diet containing graded amounts of tributyrin—0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.8% respectively. Fish receiving a high-CAP diet experienced a diminished weight gain rate and specific growth rate, statistically significantly different from those fed a control FM diet (P < 0.005), as demonstrated by the results. The FC diet led to considerably higher WGR and SGR values in fish compared to those fed diets supplemented with 0.005% and 0.1% tributyrin, as confirmed by a statistically significant p-value (P < 0.005). Fish fed a 0.1% tributyrin supplement exhibited a significant increase in intestinal lipase and protease activities compared to fish fed control diets (P<0.005). While the FC diet-fed fish showed a different outcome, fish receiving the diets incorporating 0.05% and 0.1% tributyrin displayed a markedly higher intestinal total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC).