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with a mistletoe preparation (Iscador): a re-analysis. Eur J Med Res 2006, 11: 485–495.PubMed Competing interests IFAEMM has received restricted research grants from Weleda, Abnoba and Helixor for other projects not connected to this review. Authors’ contributions The study protocol was written by GK and

HK. Studies were read by GK, HK, AG. Study quality was assessed by GK and HK. Data were extracted by GK and checked by AG and HK. MS contributed substantially to data acquisition, analysis Chlormezanone and interpretation of preclinical studies. GK wrote the paper which was critically revised and finally approved by HK, MS and AG.”
“Background The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma is increasing in many countries. The estimated number of new cases annually is over 500,000, and the yearly incidence comprises between 2.5 and 7% of patients with liver cirrhosis. The incidence varies between different geographic areas, being higher in developing areas; males are predominantly affected, with a 2:3 male/female ratio [1]. Malignant transformation of cell is due to the progressive accumulation of mutations, stable nonmutational (epigenetic) alterations in gene expression and/or gene product (protein) function [2]. Chemical carcinogens could be classified as genotoxic and nongenotoxic [3]. Although nongenotoxic carcinogen is not mutagenic, it may stimulate cell proliferation, inhibit apoptosis, increase inflammation, and/or induce stable or transient epigenetic changes in critical genes of terminally proliferating cells [3]. Nitrosamines are known as precarcinogens capable of inducing tumors in different animal species and are suspected of being involved in some human tumors [4].