Recreational fishers include anglers and spear-fishers whose catch exceeds the quantity of commercially caught fish for some species. For example, recreational catch of red snapper off Louisiana was estimated at about 698,000 pounds in 2009, compared to 695,000 pounds of commercial catch landed at Louisiana ports [30]. Fishing activity is heavy everywhere on the continental shelf, particularly in see more and around artificial structures and coral reefs/banks, as well as on soft bottom habitats by demersal fisheries trawlers. However, fish in the pelagic ecosystem were deemed to be under less pressure than in the benthic ecosystem; consequently, food (fish) was not selected as a highest-priority ES here. Linked to the

above is recreational fishing as a cultural service (i.e., in terms of the recreational enjoyment derived). This is considered Fulvestrant a highest-priority ES around artificial structures and both highly and lesser-protected banks, but not in relation to soft bottom habitats, which do not tend to attract sports fishermen. Pelagic fish, such as swordfish and mackerel, are not targeted by recreational anglers to the same degree as many of the demersal fish species. Hence, their value here is considered medium, as is the stress on such fish populations. Non-Use/Ethical Value—Iconic Species” is a highest-priority ES for cetaceans/turtles in all three regions of the study area. This reflects the value

people gain from knowing that such charismatic animals continue to exist, for their own personal satisfaction and for the benefit of future generations.

Cetaceans (i.e., marine mammals) and turtles move between the continental shelf, slope/rise and abyssal plain during their migration, feeding or breeding activities. There are Diflunisal a total of 28 species of marine mammals and six species of turtles known to occur in the Gulf of Mexico. All 28 species of marine mammals are protected under the Marine Mammal Protection Act, and six are listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act (sperm, sei, fin, blue, humpback and North Atlantic right whales). Out of the six species of sea turtles in the northwestern Gulf, all are either endangered (hawksbill, Kemp’s ridley, and leatherback) or threatened (green, loggerhead, and olive ridley). The ecosystem services “Food” and “Recreational Fishing” are considered to face high stress on all banks. This is because the volume of commercial and recreational fishing (hook and line fishing is allowed on all banks) places high demands on key fish populations. ‘Low stress’ is assigned to all other ecosystem services on coral reefs and high protection banks, based on the assessment that these benthic habitats are well protected by existing regulations which limit (or prohibit) activities such as certain oil and gas developments, the use of bottom-damaging fishing equipment (e.g., fishing spears) and the collection of bottom biota by recreational divers.