Shetland Sheepdog (affected) Shetland Sheepdog (unaffected) ABCB 4 1583_1584G (wildtype) 1 20 ABCB 4 1583_1584G (heterozygous) 14 1 ABCB 4 1583_1584G (homozygous) 0 0   Other breeds (affected) Other breeds (unaffected) ABCB 4 1583_1584G (wildtype) 0 20 ABCB 4 1583_1584G (heterozygous) 3 0 ABCB 4 1583_1584G (homozygous) 0 0 Figure 3 Representative gels containing amplified DNA of canine ABCB 4 from 3 affected (diagnosed with gallbladder mucocele) and 3 unaffected Shetland Sheepdogs.

Allele specific primers amplified both wildtype (A) and mutant (B) alleles in affected Shetland Sheepdogs, but only wildtype Akt inhibitor sequence was amplified in unaffected Shetland Sheepdogs. Discussion Over three dozen disease-causing mutations

in human ABCB4 have been described [5, 7, 9, 10]. The disease spectrum ranges from severe (debilitating diseases of young children that Selleckchem Linsitinib require liver transplantation) to mild. Disease severity often depends on the nature of the mutation. Milder disease occurs when the ABCB4 gene mutation reduces but does not eliminate transport activity of the protein. Similarly, milder forms of disease exist in patients that are heterozygous for mutations that eliminate transporter activity (i.e., Osimertinib truncations). The canine ABCB 4 insertion mutation reported here results in a truncation that eliminates more than 50% of the protein. This mutation was significantly associated with the diagnosis of gallbladder mucocele in Shetland Sheepdogs

as well as other dog breeds. The etiology of gallbladder mucoceles in dogs is currently unknown, but extrahepatic bile duct obstruction is not a common component of the disease (as has been reported in people with gallbladder mucoceles) [18]. The results reported here provide evidence that dysfunction of ABCB 4 is likely involved. Hepatocyte PC transport, and therefore bile PC content, in dogs that harbor ABCB 4 1583_1584G would be decreased compared to wildtype dogs. Biliary epithelial lining cells would be subjected to bile salt-induced injury because of diminished ability to form mixed micelles [19]. from A universal physiologic response of epithelial linings to injury is mucinous hyperplasia, a histopathologic finding frequently described in dogs diagnosed with gallbladder mucocele. Furthermore, exposure to bile salts has been shown to stimulate mucin secretion in cultured canine gallbladder epithelial cells [20]. Thus, gallbladder epithelium in dogs that harbor ABCB 4 1583_1584G undergoes greater exposure to unneutralized bile salts than that of wildtype dogs, resulting in greater mucin secretion, mucinous hyperplasia, and eventually mucocele formation. Because gallbladder mucoceles are a relatively new disease condition in dogs, a “”gold standard”" diagnosis has not yet been defined.