The patient underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by complete endoscopic resection, brachytherapy and reconstruction. Brachytherapy was administered by iridium catheters through limited Lynch-Howarth incision. Skull base defect was reconstructed with SNS-032 supplier a galea flap. The use of endoscopic surgery complemented by neoadjuvant chemotherapy and brachytherapy might maximize tumor control while reducing morbidity. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All
rights reserved.”
“Purpose of review
The central role of CD4 T cells in lupus pathogenesis is well recognized; however, the mechanism by which CD4 T cells lose tolerance and promote humoral autoimmunity remains unclear. This review examines mechanisms elucidated in the parent-into-F1 model of lupus and their possible parallels in human lupus pathogenesis.
Recent BI 2536 mouse findings
In the parent-into-F1 model, lupus results from the transfer of normal, foreign reactive CD4 T cells targeted to intrinsically normal F1 B cells. Transfer of normal CD8 T cells prevents lupus, whereas transfer of CD8 T cells with killing defects does not but is correctable with additional in-vivo enhancement of CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) function. The parent-into-F1 model has two major similarities to Epstein-Barr virus infection: CD4 T-cell-driven polyclonal B-cell hyperactivity and a critical dependence on CD8
CTL for elimination of activated B cells. These similarities are discussed in relation to human lupus pathogenesis.
Summary
Work in the parent-into-F1 model supports
the idea that lupus may result from defective CD8 T-cell function and that therapeutic enhancement of CD8 effectors with selective targeting to autoreactive B cells may be beneficial. Despite strong evidence linking Epstein-Barr virus infection with human lupus, the exact nature of this link requires further study.”
“Congenital isolated alar defects are exceptionally rare with 6 cases reported out of all cranio-facial clefts. This entity provokes the ingenuity of the surgeon to manifest a symmetry in form, shape and contour with aesthetically acceptable scarring of the most dominant structure defining the mid face. We present a rotation advancement flap, from the armamentarium of the surgeon, proficient R788 ic50 in addressing all the concerns of the patient and treating surgeon for congenital alar cleft. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose of review
Interleukin-17 (IL-17) has emerged as a key cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In this article, we review recently produced evidence obtained in patients and murine models of lupus that link increased IL-17 production with lupus pathology and discuss the potential roles IL-17 may play in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Recent findings
IL-17 may promote autoantibody production and IL-17-producing cells are found in afflicted organs in humans and lupus-prone mice.