These particles are not confined to streamlines but can migrate laterally due to the Segre-Sildeberg effect for particles in a shear flow. During this tracking, the local concentration

field surrounding the cell is monitored. This data are used as input into the Kedem-Katchalsky equations to numerically study passive solute transport across the cell membrane. As a result of the laminar flow, each cell has a unique pathline in the flow field resulting in different residence times and a unique external concentration field along its path. However, in most previous studies, the effect of a spatially varying concentration field on the transport across the cell membrane is ignored. Selleck Vactosertib The dynamics of this process are investigated for a population of cells released from the inlet. Using dimensional analysis, we find a governing parameter alpha, which is the ratio of the time scale for membrane transport to the average residence time in the channel. For alpha double left arrow buy QNZ 0.224, cryoprotectant loading is completed to within 5% of the target concentration for all

of the cells. However, for alpha > 0.224, we find the population of cells does not achieve complete loading and there is a distribution of intracellular cryoprotective agent concentration amongst the population. Further increasing alpha beyond a value of 2 leads to negligible cryoprotectant loading. These simulations on populations of cells may lead to improved microfluidic cryopreservation protocols where more consistent cryoprotective agent loading

and freezing can be achieved, thus increasing cell survival. (C) 2013 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org.elibrary.einstein.yu.edu/10.1063/1.4793714]“
“Objective. Tissue-specific markers are useful for identification of tumour type in advanced cancers of unknown origin. This study investigated the expression of glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1) in prostate and control tissue compared with the established prostate-specific markers prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Material and methods. A tissue microarray was constructed of Selleckchem JNK-IN-8 36 prostate adenocarcinomas, eight benign prostate samples and benign and malignant control tissues from urinary bladder, lung and rectum. Immunohistochemistry for GAD 1, PSA and PSMA was performed. The products of staining intensity and extent were analysed. The GAD1 antibody was validated by Western blot. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed on malignant and benign samples from each tissue type. Results. GAD 1 and PSA immunostains were significantly stronger in malignant and benign prostatic tissue than in controls. PSMA was stronger in prostate cancer than in urothelial and rectal cancer but had a lower specificity than GAD1 and PSA. GAD I expression decreased with increasing Gleason score.