Cela souligne la prise en

charge multidisciplinaire de ces patients subissant des traumatismes à haute énergie. Les auteurs déclarent ne pas avoir de conflits d’intérêts en relation avec cet article. “
“Les tumeurs pseudopapillaires et solides du pancréas (TPPSP) sont rares. Elles représentent moins de 2 % des cancers pancréatiques [2]. Elles touchent essentiellement les femmes jeunes. Leur étiopathogénie reste incertaine. Elles sont caractérisées par un polymorphisme clinique et radiologique ce qui rend leur diagnostic difficile. Le seul traitement garant d’une survie prolongée est la résection chirurgicale. Leur pronostic est excellent. Une patiente de 21 ans sans antécédents consultait pour douleurs abdominales vagues. L’examen physique était sans anomalies. L’échographie abdominale avait objectivé Selleckchem Depsipeptide une volumineuse masse rétropéritonéale droite d’échostructure Crenolanib ic50 hétérogène, kystisée au centre, grossièrement ovalaire, bien limitée, finement vascularisée au Doppler (Fig. 1). La tomodensitométrie (TDM)

abdominale avait conclu à la présence d’une masse grossièrement arrondie, se développant aux dépens de la tête du pancréas mesurant 8 × 10 cm. Elle était spontanément hypodense, siège de fines cloisons prenant le contraste, à paroi épaissie, se rehaussant intensément après injection du produit contraste siège de végétations endokystiques et de calcifications pariétales (Fig. 2). On avait suspecté le diagnostic d’un cystadénocarcinome de la tête du pancréas. La patiente avait été opérée. Il existait une tumeur kystique et solide www.selleck.co.jp/products/hydroxychloroquine-sulfate.html par endroits, richement vascularisée qui siégeait au niveau de la tête du pancréas et faisait 10 cm de grand axe. Il n’y avait pas d’envahissement

locorégional ni de métastase à distance. Nous avions réalisé une duodénopancréatectomie céphalique (DPC) selon la technique de Whipple. Un curage ganglionnaire était réalisé emportant les ganglions péripancréatiques, de l’artère hépatique et du tronc cœliaque. En manipulant le pancréas, nous avions, accidentellement, rompu la capsule tumorale. Nous avions rétabli la continuité digestive selon la technique de Child. Les suites opératoires étaient simples. L’examen anatomopathologique avait conclu à une TPPSP. En effet, les aspects cyto-architecturaux étaient à sa faveur. Une étude immunohistochimique était réalisée. Elle avait montré une expression intense et diffuse des cellules tumorales du CD10 et de la cytokératine sans expression hormonale (Fig. 3). Les marqueurs neuroendocrines étaient négatifs. Quatre mois plus tard, la patiente avait présenté des douleurs abdominales. La TDM abdominale avait conclu à un nodule péritonéal de 20 mm de grand axe et siégeait derrière l’estomac et un nodule de 12 mm de diamètre du segment 4 du foie (Fig. 4).

In contrast, no growth inhibition zone was observed for early colonizing streptococci (S. mitis, S. sanguinis, S. oralis, and S. gordonii), Lactobacillus or Escherichia. These bacterial strains appeared to be resistant to the antibacterial activity of catechins, this would imply that catechins may be useful for the control of dental plaque accumulation, since it was formed efficient against Actinimyces and Fusobacterium (plaque-causing bacteria) selleckchem [31], [33] and [34]. Antimicrobial effects of catechins were also observed against Staphylococcus strains (including MRSA, which cause suppuration-related inflammation and bedsores [74]) and Candida (which causes oral candidiasis [75]) suggesting that catechins

may aid in the prevention of oral candidiasis and suppuration as well. Moreover, it has ABT-888 clinical trial been suggested that the ability of catechins to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus, C. albicans, and

periodontopathic bacteria may help to suppress aspiration pneumonia [29] and [76]. Unlike the commercial gels, catechin gel did not show antimicrobial activity against early colonizing oral streptococci such as S. sanguinis, S. oralis, S. gordonii and S. mitis streptococci which are part of the normal oral microbial flora and help maintain healthy oral cavity by preventing the adhesion and proliferation of some pathogenic microorganism [32]. Early colonizing streptococci have been associated with low numbers of periodontopathic bacteria and the absence of periodontal disease [77]. It is very important to keep the thin layer of bacterial accumulation formed during the early stage of dental plaque since it possess low pathogenicity. Therefore, it is necessary to not only suppress the oral pathogenic microorganisms that cause disease but Dehydratase also to protect the oral flora that play an important

role in innate immunity and catechin gel can efficiently do so. A comparison between catechin gel and catechin solution mixed solution is show in Fig. 2[78]. The quantity of residual catechin was measured by spectrophotometer [73]. Most of the catechins in solution were removed after first washing, whereas more than 90% of the catechins in catechin gel remained after five rounds of washing (Fig. 2a). The difference in residual catechins between the catechin gel and the solution was significant (p < 0.01). The inhibition zones for S. mutans were similar between washed and non-washed catechin gel ( Fig. 2b). In contrast, the catechin solution produced no growth inhibition after the first wash. Same results were observed against A. naeslundii and S. aureus. Furthermore, incubation of S. mutans either with catechin gel or solution showed that the antimicrobial activity of the catechin gel was higher than that of catechin solution and was nearly equivalent to that of freshly prepared one ( Fig. 2c). This further supports the possible clinical applications of catechin gel.

This study was performed in accordance with the Ethical Committee for Animal Experiments (CEPA 08/2007). A total of 11 mandibular premolars and 4 maxillary premolars of 2, 1-year-old mongrel dogs were selected for treatment (30 roots). The animals were intramuscularly

and intravenously anesthetized using tiletamine-zolazepam (zoletil 100, Virbac, São Paulo, Brazil) at a dose of 0.10 mL/kg body weight; the dose was supplemented when necessary. Local anesthesia was also induced using lidocaine. The same anesthetic protocol was repeated for each IWR-1 order study procedure. Periapical radiographs of the selected teeth were taken using a custom-made film holder. After rubber-dam placement and decontamination procedures using hydrogen peroxide and 4% tincture iodine, access cavities were made on the occlusal surface using high-speed burs (KG Sorensen, São Paulo, Brazil). Mechanical disruption of the pulp tissue was performed using a 25-size Hedstrom file and the root canals were contaminated with 100 μL of an overnight culture of brain heart infusion (BHI) Enterococcus faecalis Nutlin-3 price (ATCC 29212). 5 The access cavities were sealed with glass ionomer cement (Resiglass R, Biodinâmica, Ibiporã, PR, Brazil) and standard periapical radiographs were taken after 60 days to monitor the development of radiolucent periapical areas. Heliodent x-ray unit (Siemens, Malvern, PA) was set at 60 kV(p), 10 mA, and 0.4-second

exposure. After the induction period, the temporary material was removed. Then, the pulp chamber was irrigated with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and the root canals of the distal roots were endodontically treated (n = 15). Initially, the distal canals were negotiated using size 15 and 20 K-files (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), 2 to 3 mm short of the radiographic

length. Then, RaCe rotary Endonuclease instruments 35.08 and 40.10 (FKG, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland) were used at 500 rpm in a crown-down motion 2 mm short of the radiographic length. Next, the working length (WL) was established radiographically and the 40.10 instruments were used at the WL, and apical preparation was completed using 45.02 and 50.02 K-files; 2 mL of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite was used continuously after the use of each manual or rotary instrument. Root canals were then irrigated with 2 mL of 17% EDTA (Biodinamica, Ibiporã, PR, Brazil) and a final flush of 2 mL sodium hypochlorite was used. After that, the canals were immediately dried using paper cones and filled with gutta-percha and Sealer 26 (Dentsply, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) using the lateral compaction technique. The pulp chamber and the access cavity were filled with glass ionomer. Mesial canals were not endodontically treated and served as controls (n = 15). After the follow-up period of 6 months, the animals were killed using an anesthetic overdose and the maxillaries were dissected and fixed in formalin buffer solution.

To test thermal stability, the enzyme was incubated in a water bath for 30 min and the remaining activity was then measured at 25 °C, using the method previously described for BApNA. The inhibition tests were performed using the methodology adapted by Bezerra et al. (2005). A 30 μl sample of the purified enzyme was incubated in microplates for 30 min with 30 μl of different peptidase inhibitors whilst maintaining a final concentration of 2 mM. The inhibitors used in this test were ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid – EDTA (metallopeptidase inhibitor), β-mercaptoethanol (reducing

agent), phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride – PMSF (serine peptidases inhibitor), benzamidine (trypsin inhibitor), tosyl lysine chloromethyl ketone

– TLCK (trypsin inhibitor) and tosyl phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone Reverse Transcriptase inhibitor – TPCK (chymotrypsin inhibitor). After incubation, 110 μl of selleck products buffer 0.1 M Tris–HCl and 30 μl of BApNA were then added. After 10 min, the absorbance reading was performed in microplate reader (BioRad xMarktm) at a wavelength of 405 nm. Aliquots of 30 μl of the purified enzyme were incubated with 30 μl of various metals (AlCl3, BaCl2, CaCl2, CdCl2, CuCl2, FeCl2, HgCl2, KCl, LiCl, MnCl2, PbCl2, ZnCl2) for 30 min in microplates with final concentration of 1 mM. Next, 110 μl of 0.1 M Tris–HCl, pH 8.0, and 30 μl of the substrate BApNA were added. After 10 min of reaction, enzyme activity was measured in a microplate reader at 405 nm.

Aprepitant The substrate used in the kinetic test was BApNA (final concentration from 0 to 4.8 mM), prepared with DMSO. The reaction was performed in triplicate in microplates and consisted of a mixture of a 30 μl solution of purified enzyme (109 μg protein ml−1) with 140 μl of 0.1 M Tris–HCl, pH 8.0 and 30 μl of substrate. The release of the product (p-nitroaniline) was monitored by a microplate reader at 405 nm. The activity values (U s−1) obtained for each substrate concentration were plotted on a graph and the Michaelis–Menten asymptotic kinetic parameters (Vmax and Km) were calculated using the MicrocalTM OriginTM program version 6.0 (Software Inc., USA). The purified trypsin was sequenced at the Biochemistry Laboratory of the Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Brazil). The NH2-terminal amino acid sequence was obtained through Edman degradation using a PPSQ-23 sequencer (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan). The NH2-terminal amino acid sequence obtained for the present study was aligned with other’s sequences using the software BioEdit Sequence Alignment Editor (Hall, 1999). All data was analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) complemented with Tukey’s test. Differences were reported as statistically significant when p < 0.05. The statistical program used was MicrocalTM OriginTM version 8.0 (Software, Inc., US). A trypsin from the pyloric caeca and intestine of the silver mojarra (D.

All samples were analyzed in quadruplicate. General Linear Models (GLM), multifactor analyses of variance (ANOVA) and multiple comparison tests were done, using Statistica 8.0 (Statsoft, Tulsa, USA) in order to determine statistical significance of differences among samples. Mean values were compared using the Newman

Keuls test at P < 0.05. The chemical compositions, expressed as percentage (%), were similar for conventional and organic milks. The contents of fat (3.0 ± 0.05%), total solids (11.7 ± 0.09%) and lactic acid (0.15 ± 0.01%) were similar in both milks, as measured before fermentation (day 0). Conversely, protein (2.4 ± 0.0%) and lactose (4.7 ± 0.1%) concentrations were significantly lower in organic milk than selleck screening library in conventional milk (2.8 ± 0.1% and 4.9 ± 0.1%, respectively). The chemical compositions of this website organic and conventional cow milks, found in the present study, were comparable to those reported by (Sola-Larrañaga & Navarro-Blasco, 2009). By contrast, Toledo et al. (2002) reported similar levels of lactose but higher fat and protein

concentrations. Differences in milk composition can be attributed to management system, season, and sampling periods in which the milk was purchased (Butler et al., 2011). Table 1 summarizes the percentage of total identified fatty acid composition of the four kinds of fermented milks, before (0) and after fermentation, and after 1 day and 7 days of storage at 4 °C. The fatty acid composition of conventional and organic milks differed according to the kind of milk used for the fermentation. Their distribution according to chain length allowed separation of short chain (SCFA), medium chain (MCFA) and long chain fatty acids (LCFA). The saturation

degree allowed classification of the fatty acids into saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids. The main fatty acids encountered in milk Vorinostat ic50 corresponded first to saturated fatty acids, such as myristic acid (C14:0, 12.1–12.7%), palmitic acid (C16:0, 28.9–31.9%) and stearic acid (C18:0, 9.6–12.2%). Second, monounsaturated fatty acids were also found. Among them, oleic acid (C18:1 cis-9, 21.3–21.8%), palmitoleic acid (C16:1 cis-9, 1.5–1.9%) and trans-octadecenoic acid (trans-C18:1, 2.1–3.3%) were the more abundant. Third, polyunsaturated fatty acids were detected. The PUFA fraction was mostly composed of linoleic acid (cis-9 cis-12 C18:2, 1.6–1.9%), conjugated linolenic acid (cis-9 trans-11, CLA, 0.7–1.0%) and α-linolenic acid (cis-9 cis-12 cis-15 C18:3, ALA, 0.3–0.5%). PUFA and MUFA concentrations were, in this study, lower (2.5–3.5% and 27–28%, respectively) than those found by Rodríguez-Alcalá, Harte, and Fontecha (2009) in cow milk (5.7% for PUFA and 32.9% for MUFA). As a consequence, higher relative contents of SFA were found in the present study, 68–71% as compared to 60% obtained by Rodríguez-Alcalá et al. (2009).

The method takes a full advantage of specificity and no interfering signals to the five standard compounds used was detected in any of the samples analysed so far. The method worked perfectly also for the samples which included also other ingredients. In general the total and inorganic arsenic contents of rice-based baby food are lower than the levels in long grain rice. One of the reasons for the lower total arsenic levels in these products compared to long grain rice is that they include other foodstuffs, for example fruits and whey and Reverse Transcriptase inhibitor milk powder which dilute the sample. Only two out of

ten baby cereal products had the exact relative amount of rice declared on the label. Three products which had rice as the main ingredient (rice was mentioned first in the ingredient list) had the highest total arsenic content detected in this study. For this reason, it is reasonable to conclude that when rice powder is the main ingredient of baby food, check details the arsenic content is higher than in products which have some other cereals or milk to dilute the amount of rice. Therefore it is possible to recommend that there should be “dilution” of the rice powder with some other healthy ingredient low in its inorganic arsenic level to lower the overall arsenic intake. This is particularly

true in countries with high consumption of rice based baby food. Some assessments of the inorganic arsenic intake from long grain rice and baby food can be made (Table 4). All the estimations are conservative, worst case scenarios and conducted using the products that contained the highest inorganic arsenic levels (long BCKDHA grain rice 0.28 mg/kg

and porridge powder 0.21 mg/kg) and the lowest BMDL0.1 level 0.3 μg/kg bw/day evaluated by EFSA. The consumption of long grain rice is around 66 g/day in women (25 – 64 years) and 80 g/day in men (25–64 years), respectively. The average consumption figures would result in inorganic arsenic intakes of 0.26 μg/kg (women) and 0.27 μg/kg (men) bw/day. In the worst case scenarios the levels of inorganic arsenic intake for the four groups was above the lower limit of the benchmark dose needed for a 0.1% increased incidence of various cancer types and skin lesions. The inorganic arsenic intake of different age groups of children from rice-based baby food was also close to the lower BMDL0.1 value. Our data indicates also, that the cumulative inorganic arsenic intake in different age groups should be assessed. The results from this study can be utilised in risk assessments of inorganic arsenic. The EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) stated that arsenic speciation data was needed for different food commodities, and furthermore they declared that there was a need for well validated methods for determining the inorganic arsenic levels in foodstuffs. Our study is one of the first to report inorganic arsenic levels in rice-based baby foods.

, 2009, Chen et al., 2010, Jing, 2000, Ma, 1992 and Pope et al., 2002). Since most of the epidemiologic studies linking air pollution and health endpoints were based on a relative risk model in the form of Poisson regression, the excess cases at

a given concentration C can be given by: equation(1) E=exp[β×(C−C0)]∗E0E=expβ×C−C0∗E0(Zhang et al., 2006a)where C and C0 are the actual concentration and the assumed threshold level, respectively, and E and E0 are the corresponding health effects at the concentrations of C and C0. β is the coefficient of the exposure–response (C–R) high throughput screening compounds function between PM10 and the health outcome. E is the product of the size of the exposed population and the incidence rate of a health endpoint. The national annual standard concentration of PM10 (40 μg/m3) was selected as the annual threshold level as it is the primary standard of the Chinese National Standard. The annual average PM10 concentration (C) was based on air monitoring data from the 8 stations in Taiyuan. C–R functions of PM10 for each selected health endpoint were derived from available epidemiologic studies and were used to quantify the health effects of outdoor air pollution. The C–R coefficients from peer-reviewed Chinese studies (Jing, 2000 and Ma, Doxorubicin order 1992) were preferred whenever they were available.

These studies were published in the Chinese Journal of Public Health and Journal of Environment and Health, a core journal in China and the only environmental health professional academic journal, respectively. Therefore, these studies provide reliable data for our selected C–R functions. Further, if there were several studies describing the C–R coefficients for the same health endpoint, we used the combined estimates derived from a simple O-methylated flavonoid meta-analysis. Table 1 summarizes the PM10 C–R coefficients of the selected health outcomes used in the analysis. E − E0 is the attributable number of cases due to PM10. As mentioned, using the number for size of the exposed population, mortality, and incidence rates (β, C, and C0), we calculated the number

of excess cases attributable to PM10 in Taiyuan each year from 2001 to 2010. The adopted approach was recommended by the World Bank (Lvovsky and Maddison, 2000). For mortality due to air pollution, 10 DALYs are attributed to each death (Lvovsky and Maddison, 2000). The morbidity estimates were converted to DALYs as recommended by the World Bank (Lvovsky and Maddison, 2000) (Table 2 provides the conversion factors). Since there were no data on VOSL in Taiyuan, the value at the national level was obtained from literature in China in 2008, indicating that a life-year-loss associated with air pollution in 2008 was 1.59 million RMB (Xu, 2013). The VOSL is linear to the logarithmic annual per-capita income.

Overall, the results support the proposal of a continuum of incremental planning that permits shifts in planning strategies from sentence to sentence. The two experimental manipulations highlighted these

shifts directly: lexical priming in Experiment 1 produced a shift to the linear end point of the continuum ( Gleitman et al., 2007), while structural priming in Experiment 2 produced a shift to the hierarchical end point of this continuum ( Bock et al., 2004, Kuchinsky and Bock, 2010 and Kuchinsky et al., 2011). In sum, the production system allows for the order of encoding operations to be flexible: production may begin DNA Damage inhibitor both with encoding of single characters and with the formulation of a “thought” or idea – something akin to a proposition – in different contexts. Comparing across experiments, the principle behind this flexibility appears to be a general preference for completing easier processes before harder

processes. This resembles Levelt’s (1989)minimal load principle at the discourse level find more (also see Ferreira & Henderson, 1998): completing easy processes before hard processes lightens the load on the production system and enables speakers to quickly begin and complete encoding of individual increments. For example, reliance on activation patterns of individual words to select a starting point can be beneficial in so far as it allows speakers to produce accessible words first and quickly shift processing resources to the next increment ( Ferreira & Swets, 2002; also see Ferreira, 1996). In contrast,

prioritizing encoding of relational information can be beneficial in so far as a larger message framework can provide top-down guidance to rapidly bind individual increments of a sentence (e.g., individual words) into a full utterance. Given that the processing demands of Histamine H2 receptor production in every-day situations can change from context to context (as they did in these experiments), minimizing processing load may be a ubiquitous planning strategy. Earlier work suggested that flexibility can benefit speed as well as fluency of speech (e.g., Ferreira and Swets, 2002, Levelt, 1989 and Wagner et al., 2010), so the specific balance between linearly and hierarchically incremental planning may reflect rapid (and implicit) weighing of the different advantages conferred by these planning strategies in each production context separately. Sensitivity to differences in ease of encoding during formulation bears on two questions relevant for most production models: questions about the representation of conceptual and linguistic structures and thus questions about information flow in the production system.

Our finding show that PPM nests were more abundant in South-West facing edges yet the “better survival” hypothesis (H2.2) cannot be discarded. Our experiment was conducted in summer, when temperatures are not limiting, and then does not provide information about larvae survival during the winter. Further research would be needed to compare winter temperatures in larval nests located on sun exposed vs. shaded branches. Whether the concentration of PPM attacks on taller trees and at the edge of the stand reflects

the active selection of host trees by females rather than differences in offspring’s mortality is consistent with the observation that female pine moths use the silhouette of a tree visible against a light background as a visual clue for the selection of host trees (Démolin, 1969). Following pupation PI3K inhibitor in the soil of open habitats adjacent to woodland (Dulaurent et al., Selleck Z-VAD-FMK 2012), adult female PPMs emerge at dusk, mate and start laying eggs before nightfall of the same day (Démolin, 1969). The trees most visible from the pupation areas would therefore be those at stand edges and taller trees, which would have a crown silhouette more clearly distinguishable against a clear background than smaller trees, which

would be hidden by their taller neighbors. Greater rates of infestation for the sunniest edges (facing West) may be also explained by a greater lightning of these edges at dusk, facilitating the orientation of flying females prior oviposition. This study provides new evidence supporting the hypothesis that pine processionary moth attacks on individual trees result from mechanisms acting at two different scales. Ponatinib supplier At the stand scale, there was a negative relationship between the percentage of infested trees and stem density, but no relationship was found between stem density and PPM winter nest density. At the tree scale, the probability of individual trees being infested is greater for trees

located at the stand edge and for larger trees. However the mechanisms that trigger such infestation pattern could not be fully disentangled. In particular further research is needed to explore the possible active host selection vs. random interception processes by female moths. These new findings will help to improve the monitoring of PPM at a time at which this species is spreading to new forest areas in response to global warming (Robinet, 2006). For example, our findings suggest that early warning detection systems should focus on stand edges, supporting the use of roadside sampling methods to cover large areas in a cost-effective approach (Samalens et al., 2007). Our results also pave the way for improvements in PPM risk analysis models.

To this end pooled nasal secretions, collected and prepared as described in Section 2.8, were mixed with different concentrations of PG545 and ∼105 PFU of RSV, and incubated for 15 min at 37 °C. Comparative analysis of infectious titers of survived virus (Table 5) revealed that human nasal secretions screening assay decreased RSV infectivity by ∼4.4-fold. Moreover, human nasal secretions reduced anti-RSV activity of PG545. This effect was clearly seen at a concentration of 10 μg/ml of PG545 that completely inhibited (⩾99.98%) RSV infectivity in the absence of nasal secretions

but reduced the RSV titer by 60.4% in the presence of this body fluid. The inhibitory effect of nasal secretions on anti-RSV activity of PG545 was not detected at concentrations ⩾100 μg/ml. The IC50 values for PG545, calculated based

on data shown in Table 5, were 7 and 0.6 μg/ml when tested in the presence and absence of nasal secretions, respectively. This suggests that under experimental conditions described above ∼11 times more of PG545 would be required to overcome inhibitory effect of nasal secretions. We found that the anti-RSV activity of polysulfated oligosaccharides was greatly improved following their conjugation with cholestanol, a derivative of cholesterol, a molecule that is a frequent component of antimicrobial www.selleckchem.com/products/CAL-101.html lipids of airway secretions (Do et al., 2008). In addition to improved IC50 values, this modification endowed oligosaccharides with virucidal activity, a feature that seems

to be of importance in possible clinical application of GAG mimetics. This possibility is supported by observation that polysulfonated compound PRO2000, a linear polymer of relatively hydrophobic naphthalene 2-sulfonate, exhibited virucidal activity when tested with HSV (Cheshenko et al., 2004) and provided some protection of women against HIV (Cohen, 2009). In contrast, sulfated oligo- and polysaccharides such as cellulose sulfate or carrageenan that exhibited little or no virucidal activity (Carlucci et al., 1999 and Cheshenko et al., 2004) failed in large clinical trials to protect women against HIV infection (Van de Wijgert and Shattock, 2007 and Cohen, 2008) in spite of their potent antiviral activity in cultured cells. The most active glycoside PG545, an anticancer drug candidate currently in Phase I clinical trials (Dredge et al., 2011), composed Janus kinase (JAK) of cholestanol conjugated to polysulfated maltotetraose, inhibited RSV infection of HEp-2 cells with an IC50 value of 2.2 μg/ml while the 50% cytotoxic dose of this compound was 230 μg/ml. The structural design of PG545 is to some extent similar to that of NMSO3, a glycoside known for its potent anti-RSV activity (Kimura et al., 2000). This glycoside is composed of polysulfated mono-sialic acid conjugated to two alkyl chains of C22H45 as the lipophilic aglycone component, and its IC50 value for RSV Long strain ranged from 0.3 (Kimura et al., 2000) to 6 μg/ml (Wyde et al.