No modelo 2, referente à variável CER, grande parte das variáveis do questionário estiveram associadas significativamente: idade (quanto mais idade, menos conhecimento) (OR = 0,97; IC 0,94-0,99), nível de escolaridade mais elevada (OR = 2,90; IC 1,16-1,18), ter conhecimento da definição de CCR (OR = 3,01; IC 1,67-5,43), ter uma maior perceção do risco de CCR (OR = 1,38; IC 1,22-1,56), concordar com a existência de tratamento para o CCR (OR = 4,05; IC 1,41-11,59), recomendação de, pelo menos, um exame de rastreio (OR = 4,51; IC 2,01-10,11), todas as fontes de

informação que obtiveram do CCR (principalmente médicos/enfermeiros) (OR = 10,51; IC 3,52-31,36) e a necessidade de mais informação sobre o CCR (OR = 2,89; IC 1,60-5,22) (modelo 2, tabela 4). No modelo 3, check details das 4 variáveis independentes selecionadas, apenas 2 foram associadas significativamente à APUER: conhecimento

da definição do CCR (OR = 1,77; IC 1,03-3,02) e terem informação sobre o CCR, tanto através AUY-922 cost dos médicos/enfermeiros (OR = 2,71; IC 1,19-6,19), como da comunicação social (OR = 2,42; IC 1,41-4,13) (modelo 3, tabela 4). Por último, o modelo 4, com a variável dependente APRER, apenas a recomendação de no mínimo um exame de rastreio apresentou significado estatístico (OR = 10,03; IC 3,10-32,53) (modelo 4, tabela 4). Apesar de, em Portugal, o rastreio do CCR estar dirigido à uma população com idades entre os 50 e os 74 anos, o nosso estudo abrangeu indivíduos a partir dos 40 anos, sem idade

limite máxima estabelecida, obtendo uma média de idades de 60 anos. Consideramos a inclusão destes indivíduos uma mais-valia, na medida em que acedemos aos conhecimentos e às atitudes, tanto dos que ainda não se encontravam em rastreio, valorizando a sensibilização antecipada da população, como dos que, apesar de não estarem em idade de rastreio efetivo, já foram, teoricamente, alvo do mesmo. No âmbito dos conhecimentos acerca do CCR, os nossos resultados indicaram lacunas quanto à definição, aos fatores de risco e aos exames de rastreio do CCR. A maioria dos inquiridos Amisulpride (cerca de 60%) não conhecia uma definição válida de CCR. As percentagens de respostas corretas referentes ao conhecimento dos fatores de risco do CCR oscilaram entre os 29,9% para a baixa atividade física e os 52,2% para os pólipos. Menos de 1/3 dos portuenses associou a baixa atividade física ao risco de ter CCR, fração reduzida para um dos principais fatores de risco modificáveis do CCR. A PSOF e a colonoscopia foram os 2 exames de rastreio mais relatados corretamente pelos inquiridos, com percentagens muito próximas (50,6 e 49,9%, respetivamente). A análise dos resultados relativos às atitudes dos portuenses quanto à perceção do risco e da utilidade dos exames de rastreio, à prevenção e ao tratamento do CCR foram, de um modo geral, positivos.

, 2011). However, to the best of our knowledge, no immunological analyses of the uranium-exposed population have been conducted. Finally, long-term exposure to DU led to significant changes in the level of cytokines released by stimulated splenic cells in the mice. In general, when the DU dose in feed was

higher than 30 mg/kg, the chronic exposure decreased the expression of Th1 cytokines (IFN- γ, TNF-α) and increased the expression of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-10) with a shift of Th1 cytokines to Th2 cytokines. To the best of our knowledge (Mosmann and Coffman, 1989 and Abbas et al., 1996), Th1 cells mediate the immune response related to cytotoxicity and local inflammation and are involved in the formation of cellular immunity and delayed-type hypersensitivity. this website Th1 cells also activate PR-171 order iNOS in macrophages to promote their secretion of NO, thereby yielding the above-described results, including decreased proliferative ability of T cells, decreased

responsiveness of DTH, and macrophage dysfunction—which are adequately explained by the inhibition of Th1 cytokines. The main function of Th2 cells is to stimulate B cells to proliferate and, subsequently, to generate antibodies, the production of which is associated with humoral immunity. Th2 cells may assist the mouse B cells to synthesise IgA, IgG, and IgE and may negatively regulate cytotoxic T cells (CTL) and

NK cells. Therefore, the increased levels of Th2 cytokines offers a good explanation for the increase in the total serum IgG and IgE levels, as well as the weakened cytotoxic effect of the NK cells. Similar to the results of this very study, numerous studies (Heo et al., 1997, Dietert and Piepenbrink, 2006 and Gao et al., 2007) have demonstrated that exposure to low doses of lead causes a significant shift of Th1 cytokines to Th2 cytokines. However, chronic ingestion of DU by drinking water (40 mg/l), did not lead to modifications in the cytokine gene expression in Peyer’s patches (Dublineau et al., 2006). The differences may be due to the different exposure routes and evaluation tissue. In addition, before determination of cytokine, splenic cells were stimulated with ConA or PMA and ionomycin, which would increase the differences between groups. The limitation of the present study is that only one time point was evaluated; thus, the results do not reflect the dynamic changes in immune function based on the age of the animal and the exposure time to DU. In summary, after 4 months of exposure to low doses of DU (lower than 30 mg/kg) through the diet in young mice, the impact of DU exposure on the immune function of the body was relatively small.

We found that

concrete nouns and verbs activate frontocentral cortex to different degrees. Whereas motor and premotor areas are relatively more strongly activated by action verbs, concrete nouns activated more anterior prefrontal areas. At the cognitive level, these differential activations appear to relate to the processing of action schemas that are part of the semantic representation of action verbs and of form knowledge semantically linked to object words. Abstract nouns and verbs fail to elicit similar activation differences, thus calling Galunisertib cost into question previous claims about genuine brain loci for the major lexical categories. Systematic investigation of other areas, especially temporal cortex, Adriamycin cell line also failed to reveal a genuine distinction between noun and verb processing loci. We

suggest that topographical brain activation differences elicited by words are driven by semantic factors and that the lexical category distinction is mechanistically implemented at a level beyond the grain size of neurometabolic imaging. This work was supported by the MRC (MC_US_A060_0034, U1055.04.003.00001.01 to F.P., MRC studentship to R.M.), EPSRC and BBSRC (BABEL grant), DFG (Center of Excellence “Languages of Emotion”) and Freie Universität Berlin. We would like to thank Clare Cook, Olaf Hauk, Bettina Mohr, Yury Shtyrov and Francesca Carota for their help at different stages of this work. “
“In Chen Y-K, Wong KS, Mok V, Ungvari GS, Tang WK. Health-related quality of life in patients with poststroke emotional incontinence. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2011;92:1659-62 author affiliations should read: From the Departments of Psychiatry (Tang) and Medicine and Therapeutics (Wong, Mok), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Neurology, Dongguan People’s Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, P.R. China (Chen); and the School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Notre Dame, Australia, Marian Centre, Perth, Australia (Ungvari). “
“The article, Graham JE, Karmarkar

AM, Ottenbacher KJ. this website Small sample research designs for evidence-based rehabilitation: issues and methods. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2012;93:S111-6, was mistakenly published online as an uncorrected proof in May 2012. The article was embargoed to publish as a special communication with all other content for the August 2012 Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation supplemental issue (August 2012; Vol 93, No. 8, Suppl 2). In an attempt to remove the article from online publication and remedy the publishing error, the publisher erroneously retracted the article. The authors in no way precipitated the unintended retraction and at no time was the article retracted because of an ethical violation or issue. The publisher apologizes for this error. “
“On May 19 and 20, 2012, the American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation held the Part II (oral) certification examination.

These studies have shown that LY294002 can overcome the problem of drug resistance [53] and increase the efficacy of individual drugs in mouse tumor xenograft models [25] and [26]. Our present study has shown that LY294002 is able to enhance the killing effects of BO-1509. We also demonstrated that LY294002 mediates its effects through suppression of Nbs1 and Rad51, which are involved in the HR repair pathway [54], [55], [56] and [57]. see more In addition, Nbs1 is not only a core member of the MRN complex that tethers DSB ends and recruits

other proteins to conduct HR and NHEJ repair [7], [58] and [59] but also plays specific roles in the activation of ATM and its downstream targets to trigger a second wave of repair [60]. In the present animal study, LY294002 alone did not induce any significant tumor reduction, with

the exception of the PC9/gef B4 xenografts. In contrast, LY294002 enhanced the antitumor activity of BO-1509 in various lung cancer xenografts. The main goals of synergistic therapeutics are to decrease the dose of the individual drugs, Veliparib molecular weight reduce toxicity, minimize or delay the induction of drug resistance, and overcome the problem of drug resistance [61], and combination drug therapies have frequently been used for the treatment of a variety of cancers. Hematopoietic toxicity is major side effect of DNA-alkylating agents [62] and [63]. Similar to other alkylating agents, the treatment of mice with

BO-1509 alone or in combination with LY294002 resulted in a moderate suppression of bone marrow–derived cells (i.e., a decrease in white blood cells (WBCs), RBCs, and hemoglobin). Although most alkylating agents cause a decrease in platelet count [62] and [63] as one of their side effects, BO-1509 did not suppress the platelet count. Furthermore, no major pathologic changes were observed in mice treated with the drugs alone or in combination. The combination of BO-1509 and LY294002 suppressed tumor metastasis, L-gulonolactone oxidase which is a crucial determinant of chemotherapy failure. Because LY294002 is not suitable for clinical use, the therapeutic efficacy of BO-1509 combined with other clinically approved PI3K inhibitors warrants further investigation. Lung cancer is a major cause of cancer death and accounts for approximately 13% of all cancer deaths around the world because of its high incidence and mortality rates [64]. NSCLC contributes to approximately 85% of all lung cancers [38] and [65]. DNA-damaging drugs such as cisplatin, carboplatin, mitomycin C, and paclitaxel are typically the first lines of treatment for NSCLC, either alone or in combination [38] and [66]. However, less than 30% of patients respond to platinum-based chemotherapy. The main reason for the nonresponsiveness of chemotherapeutic agents in NSCLC is the intrinsic resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy [31].

e. lower flow percentiles), and the coefficients associated to the perimeter tend to decrease for lower flow metrics (i.e. higher flow percentiles). These behaviors could reflect the influence of the wetted areas and the water head on seepage rates during flood events and the influence of evaporation and seepage combined to the flow transit time across the catchment during low flow periods. These suppositions

need to be strengthened by further research on this topic. The drainage density quantifies the level of catchment drainage by stream channels. Lower drainage density corresponds to flatter land with less differentiated drainage paths. High values imply steeper-sided selleck screening library thalweg, shorter flow transfer time and a sharper hydrograph. As would be anticipated, the coefficients of the drainage density are consistently positive and negative for high flow and low flow, respectively. Flow percentiles of intermediate magnitude are not influenced by the drainage density (Table 3). The surface ratio of paddy rice is negatively correlated to four low-flow variables (0.60, 0.70, 0.80 and 0.95). One possible explanation is the ability of paddy fields to reduce groundwater recharge due to the impermeable soil layer below the rice root zone, which contributes to the maintenance of ponded water in the bunded rice fields and increased evapotranspiration AZD5363 (Bouman et al., 2007). The signs of the coefficients associated to the other

explanatory variables are more difficult to explain. For instance, the positive coefficients relating to slope, for extreme high and low flows metrics only (Table 3) are difficult to interpret, corroborating the acknowledged complexity of the relationship between infiltration rate PtdIns(3,4)P2 and slope steepness (Ribolzi et al., 2011). It is also difficult to interpret the majority of positive coefficients associated to the mean elevation. Strikingly, latitude is negatively correlated to virtually all low

flow variables above the 0.50 percentile. It is tempting to conclude that latitude is a surrogate for an environmental variable controlling flow production, not listed in Table 2, and exhibiting a latitudinal gradient. However, at this stage, it is not possible to provide a candidate explanation for this particular behavior. The nature of the causal link between increased forest coverage and greater median flow (50%) (cf. the positive coefficient in Table 3) is also questionable and could be interpreted in many ways. Given the complex relationship between tropical forest and hydrology (Bruijnzeel, 2004), it is wiser not to provide a physical explanation without further research. Table 3 shows that Radj2 and Rpred2 values are excellent (>90%) for most of the variables. According to the t  -ratio values reported in Table 3, the predictors with the greatest explanatory power are “drainage area” or “perimeter”, depending on the predicted flow metrics.

Szczepienie można natomiast wykonać w czasie karmienia piersią [20, 21, 29, 30]. Ze względu na możliwość wystąpienia omdlenia wazowagalnego podczas lub wkrótce po szczepieniu (którąkolwiek ze szczepionek), które w wyniku upadku może

prowadzić do poważnych urazów, zaleca się wykonanie szczepień w pozycji siedzącej lub leżącej, a następnie small molecule library screening pozostawienie pacjentki pod obserwacją w tej pozycji przez 15 min [55]. Szczepienie nie zastępuje regularnych badań cytologicznych w kierunku raka szyjki macicy ani stosowania innych metod zapobiegających zakażeniu HPV i innym przenoszonym drogą płciową. Szczepienie chłopców i mężczyzn przeciwko HPV w celu wspomagania programów profilaktyki raka szyjki macicy u kobiet nie jest obecnie zalecane, ze względu na brak danych z badań klinicznych potwierdzających skuteczność takiej profilaktyki. Postępowanie takie nie jest na razie zalecane także przez WHO z uwagi na ekonomiczną nieopłacalność [16]. Rekomendacje Polskiego Towarzystwa Ginekologicznego podtrzymują to stanowisko, wskazując na jedynie potencjalne korzyści

wynikające ze szczepienia przeciwko HPV chłopców, takie jak przerwanie łańcucha transmisji wirusa oraz ochronę przed zakażeniem HPV [18, 56]. Korzyści te muszą jednak zostać potwierdzone w prawidłowo zaplanowanych badaniach klinicznych. 1. Szczepienie przeciwko HPV w celu profilaktyki zmian przedrakowych i raka szyjki macicy zaleca się dziewczętom w wieku 11–12 lat, którym należy podać 3 dawki szczepionki (Cervarix: schemat 0, 1, 6 miesięcy; Silgard: schemat 0, 2, 6 miesięcy). Zaleca się, aby wstępną rozmowę informacyjną o ryzyku raka szyjki macicy selleck chemicals i możliwości profilaktyki za pomocą szczepień przeprowadzić z rodzicami optymalnie podczas wizyty dziewczynki w 10. roku życia w celu przeprowadzenia badania bilansowego oraz podania dawki przypominającej szczepionki przeciwko odrze, śwince i różyczce (MMR). Z uwagi na siłę odpowiedzi immunologicznej oraz skuteczność kliniczną najkorzystniejsze jest szczepienie nastolatek przed ekspozycją na zakażenie HPV (p. wyżej i MYO10 tab. 2). Młodzież w tym wieku objęta

jest opieką pediatrów i lekarzy rodzinnych, którzy zobowiązani są do prowadzenia bilansów zdrowia i innych działań profilaktycznych [57]. Bilans 10-latka i wizyta w celu podania dawki przypominającej MMR to optymalny moment do przeprowadzenia z rodzicami rozmowy informacyjnej o profilaktyce raka szyjki macicy oraz przypomnienie matce o konieczności regularnego wykonywania badań cytologicznych. W tym wieku zazwyczaj dziewczynka pojawia się w gabinecie lekarza wraz z rodzicami, co stwarza szansę na taką rozmowę i przekazanie informacji koniecznych do podjęcia decyzji i zaplanowaniu szczepienia. Zgodnie z ustawą o zapobieganiu oraz zwalczaniu zakażeń i chorób zakaźnych u ludzi obowiązkiem lekarza jest informowanie rodziców i opiekunów o szczepieniach obowiązkowych i zalecanych [58].

These observations provided evidence that the LXs and their analogues are immunomodulatory rather than immunosuppressive ( Aliberti et al., 2002b and Parkinson, 2006; for review). In addition, the modulation of macrophage function by immunoregulatory stimuli suggests a new immunotherapeutic Doxorubicin molecular weight strategy ( Zhang et al., 2012). In conclusion, our data demonstrate, for the first time, the ability of CTX to selectively modulate the secretory activity of macrophages co-cultured with tumour cells, which may contribute to the inhibitory effect of this toxin on tumour growth observed in in vivo

studies, and reinforce the immunomodulatory and antitumour effects of CTX. Additionally, the activation of formyl peptide receptors, LXA4 and the ATL receptor (ALX-R/FPRL-1) plays a major role in these effects. Therefore, the macrophage activation activity of CTX could provide new perspectives regarding the development of substances with therapeutic properties. This work was supported by FAPESP (09/52330-9), CNPq/PIBIC, PAP and the Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Toxinas buy Staurosporine (INCTTOX 2008/57898-0). The authors

would like to thank Mr. Andre Fonseca Alves for his valuable technical assistance with the purification of CTX. “
“Contact dermatitis and urticarial cutaneous reactions are well known signs of accidental contact with the hairs and spines of many lepidopterous larvae (Hossler, 2010). The consequences of these reactions are usually limited to local skin inflammation without any systemic tissue damage. However, contact with Lonomia spp. has been associated with potentially fatal systemic disorders, such as hemorrhage and acute kidney injury (AKI) ( Arocha-Piñango et al., 2000 and Pinto et al., 2010). One of these species is the moth Exoribonuclease Lonomia obliqua (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae), which is highly venomous in the larval stages.

Larval forms occur during spring and summer in the southern regions of Brazil (mainly in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná) where envenomation by this animal is an important public health problem due to its high incidence ( Veiga et al., 2009, Pinto et al., 2010 and Guimarães, 2011). In fact, this caterpillar is responsible for severe and sometimes fatal accidents caused by skin contact with the bristles that cover the animal’s body. Unlike snakes, spiders and scorpions, there is no specialized venomous gland in L. obliqua. The venom is produced by secretory epithelial cells of the tegument and stored in a hollow internal channel in each bristle. Because the bristles have weak articulations at their tips, only a slight contact with the skin is enough to break off these chitinous structures, injecting the venom into the subcutaneous tissue of victims ( Veiga et al., 2001).

For calibration, we first measured the angular distributions of fetches with a step of 20° from the nautical charts for our study locations of Kõiguste and Matsi. However, it was difficult to assess the exact influences of islands, shoals and the coastline on waves, and the comparisons of results between the measured and modelled hourly time MEK inhibitor series were not good enough. New distributions of fetches were created by maximizing the correlation coefficient and minimizing the root square error (RMSE) in the procedure, where the fetches are adjusted separately in all 20° sectors. The procedure also appears to enhance the fetches from the directions where the measured

wind forcing is restricted or distorted compared to the undisturbed wind properties at the wave measuring and modelling site. The calibration results are discussed in section 3.2. As the measuring period at Kõiguste was longer (221.2 days) than at Matsi (80.8 days), it included weather conditions over a larger range of variability. Variability ranges in sea level fluctuations measured as ‘instrument depth’ (1.23 m vs. 0.78 m, Table 1), salinity (1.18 vs. 0.83) and maximum wave heights (2.93 vs. 2.46 m) were also larger. Average properties of waves and currents at Kõiguste

were somewhat influenced by sea ice (Figure 2), which covered the measuring site for the first time at the end of December BMS387032 2010. For a short period in February, the whole Gulf of Riga was ice-bound and ice forms of some kind were present until the end of April. Because of the proximity

to the coast, the measured currents tended to be polarized and modified by the coastline. Especially at Matsi, most of the velocity readings lay within two narrow directional intervals of 210–350 and 140–170 degrees: the v (S-N component) described 80–90% of the total variability ( Figure 3b). At Kõiguste, longshore (SW-NE) currents dominated as well, but as a result of the microfjord-like bottom topography, the directional scatter was considerably larger. Both currents and waves largely depended on wind conditions; no remarkable storm events occurred. At Matsi, however, both vertical distributions of currents ( Figure Megestrol Acetate 3a) and variations in thermohaline properties ( Figure 2h) indicated upwellingrelated changes in water column properties and coastal jets. It was discovered that, like the conditions on the Letipea Peninsula (Suursaar and Aps, 2007 and Suursaar, 2010) and some other specific Baltic locations (e.g. Jankowski, 2002 and Leppäranta and Myrberg, 2009), the straight coastal section near Matsi-Sõmeri is upwelling-prone when persistent northerly winds are blowing. Salinity increased and temperature decreased in summer (Figure 2h), and surprisingly high velocities were found in the surface layer.

Compared to the diameter Galunisertib purchase of the fungal hyphae observed in the absence of fly ash (i.e. the control, with a diameter of 2 μm, as discussed in Section 3.5.1), the fungal hyphae in one-step bioleaching

were much larger in diameter (∼10 μm). SEM photomicrographs show that the morphology of the fungus on Day 7 and Day 8 was similar. Although the diameter of fungal hyphae observed on Day 17 (Fig. 3g) and Day 27 was similar to that on Day 7, some hyphae had lost the linear structure and were abnormally short, swollen and showed highly-branched distortion. Swelling of fungal cells in the presence of fly ash has been reported (for e.g., Yarrowialipolytica) and attributed to the presence of heavy metals from the fly ash in the medium [3]. In the present study, the heavy metals included zinc, iron, lead and copper whose concentrations were 15 ppm, 1 ppm, 4 ppm and 1 ppm, respectively, in Day 7 of one-step bioleaching. Although

the concentration of lead and copper were not high compared with that of calcium (4000 ppm), these metals are very toxic to the fungus and their effect may indeed be synergistic. For instance, a study in 2004 reported luxurious growth and good metabolite production by A.niger in the presence of Pb at a concentration as high as 40 ppm [1]. Swollen morphological structure of A.niger Decitabine in a nickel-containing medium (similar to that observed in this study) has also been reported [22]. Apical growth usually occurs in fungi where a complex network of internal and external signals is involved. Changes in the network components affect the shape as well as direction of growth. Excess metal ions in the growth environment may cause swelling at the tips, and an increase in branching and thickness of transverse walls at subapical parts. This was a strategy adopted to survive adverse conditions by increasing fungal branching. Hyphal growth requires enzymes such as chitin synthases and chitinases

involved in chitin synthesis and degradation. Excessive degradation or reduced synthesis of cell wall components may result in loosening of cell wall, which in turn leads to swelling [19]. All these factors may be the Methocarbamol reason for the observed morphology although this may not have a significant impact on the organic acid production or leaching unless the enzymes involved in the mechanism are affected. Fig. 3g shows no precipitated particles on the hyphal surface. XRD results (Fig. 3f), however, show calcium oxalate crystal peak at Day 17; the growth of new fungal hyphae encapsulated the precipitated calcium oxalate salt, fly ash and old hyphae and no new calcium oxalate precipitated on the newly germinated hyphae. In two-step bioleaching, the fungus was first cultured for two days before the addition of fly ash to the medium. Samples of fungi pellet were withdrawn on Day 2, 3, 7, 17 and 27.

In the north Atlantic Ocean near Bermuda, surface seawater pH is decreasing Trichostatin A by 0.0017 ± 0.0001 units yr−1 (Bates

and Peters, 2007) whilst measurements from the European Time Series in the Canary Islands (0.0017 ± 0.0004 pH units yr−1) provides very similar results for the east Atlantic Ocean (Santana-Casiano et al., 2007). The Pacific ALOHA station, near Hawaii, has shown surface pH values to be decreasing by 0.0019 ± 0.0002 yr−1 (Dore et al., 2009). So as the threat of global warming and acidification become ever more real the political, social and environmental pressure to reduce CO2 emissions continues to grow. Indeed, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stated that if global average temperature increases are to be prevented from exceeding pre-industrial levels by more than 2 °C, then global CO2 emissions must be reduced by between 50% and 85% by 2050. However, with the International Energy Agency (IEA) predicting that global energy demand could increase by as much as 45% by 2030, a reduction in emissions on this scale is extremely challenging. This realisation has prompted the exploration

of a number of engineering-based mitigation strategies. One of these proposed mitigation techniques is CO2 capture and storage (CCS), which involves the capturing of waste CO2 from large industries such as coal and Lepirudin natural gas fired power plants, transporting it to a storage site and depositing it in

deep geological formations such as depleted oil NSC 683864 and gas fields, unmineable coal seams or deep saline aquifers (Holloway, 2007). By significantly reducing CO2 emissions from fossil fuel power stations it is estimated that CCS could have a significant affect in a relatively short period of time; potentially reducing total emissions by 21–45% before 2050 (Metz et al., 2005). With many nations heavily reliant and economically locked into fossil fuel based power generation such an emissions reduction strategy is extremely attractive. The technology required to inject CO2 into geological formations is not new. It has been employed at industrial scales for decades as part of the Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) process. However, injecting CO2 solely for the purposes of permanent storage is in its infancy. Whilst the technology to transport and place CO2 under the ground is well advanced a number of key areas still need to be more fully explored. One major issue for CCS, as with the introduction of many new technologies, is the need to secure scientific and public acceptance of CCS activities. Whilst it can be argued that the likelihood of leakage is extremely small, the possibility of leaks cannot be ruled out.