(40)). The average chlorophyll a concentrations in the southern Baltic Sea (average values for 1965–1998 – see Table 1, page 987) were used to calculate primary production (PRP) after Renk (2000: eq. (32), Table 8). The primary production values obtained in this way were subsequently

compared with the simulated ones. The modelled average primary production values for 1965–1998 agree with the experimental data for PRP for the same period (see Discussion) The primary production was obtained using the equation (PRP = fmaxfminFIPhyt) (see Dzierzbicka-Głowacka et al. 2010a: Appendix A). The average increase in daily solar energy in Gdynia was 0.02% ≅ 0.003 MJ Nivolumab cost m−2 d−1 in the spring Antiinfection Compound Library and summer, and the corresponding decrease during the winter was ca 0.005% ≅ 0.00053 MJ m−2 d−1. The calculations were made on the basis of experimental data provided by the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management in Gdynia. In Dzierzbicka-Głowacka et al. (2010a) the photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) at the sea surface Io(Io(t) = εQg) was identified as ε(ε = 0.465(1.195 – 0.195Tcl)), where Tcl is the cloud transmittance function ( Czyszek et al. 1979) of the net flux of short-wave radiation Qg. Here the irradiance Io(t) (kJ m−2 h−1) is expressed as a function of the daily dose of solar radiation ηd transmitted through the sea surface using equation(1) Io(t)=ηdλ(1+cos2πtλ)(λ is the length

of day, in hours), where the average value of ηd for the southern Baltic Sea (for 1965–1998 period) was derived using the least squares method ( Renk & Ochocki 1998). Based on this trend, seasonal variability of POC was numerically calculated for the next 50 years. This main trend was used as a scaling factor for

the prediction of the future Baltic climate. In the first step of our study, the calculations were made on the assumption that: 1. the water upper layer temperature rises at a rate of 0.008°C per year, We assumed the long term variations of the parameters T, PAR and Nutr to be: equation(2) S=So+Sa+Yd(Year−2000),S=So+Sa+Yd(Year−2000),where: S – parameter examined (temperature, PAR, nutrients), The starting-point of the numerical Farnesyltransferase simulations was taken to be the end of 2000 with the daily average values of the hydrodynamic variables for 1960–2000. Based on the trend indicated above, daily, monthly, seasonal and annual variabilities of primary production, phytoplankton, zooplankton, pelagic detritus and particulate organic carbon (POC) in different areas of the southern Baltic Sea (Gdańsk Deep – GdD, Bornholm Deep – BD and Gotland Deep – GtD) in the upper layer (0–10 m) were calculated for the different nutrient concentrations, available light and water temperature scenarios. The effect on primary production of the decrease in radiation, which is exponential, is seen mainly in the upper layer.

Recent molecular studies have shown that the Antarctic limpet was separated from its South American relatives since the end of the Miocene without any evidence of recent or recurrent gene flow events between these regions ( González-Wevar et al., 2010). Antarctic organisms adapt to their environment by changing their physiology, ecology and genomic architecture (Peck and Clark, 2012). Several studies developed mainly in fishes concluded that cold adaptation includes a variety of evolutionary changes such as loss of genes, change in gene expression, genomic rearrangements and evolutionary innovation (Peck and Clark, 2012).

In marine invertebrates, adaptation to cold and the genetic basis Cabozantinib involved are poorly understood. Only few recent works are intended to describe the transcriptome architecture of some invertebrate species. In Laternula elliptica, an infaunal stenothermal bivalve mollusk with a circumpolar distribution, Clark et al. (2010) described their transcriptome focusing on the shell deposition and repair in mollusks. For the Antarctic krill Euphausia superba, a keystone species in the Antarctic food chain, two works are describing the transcriptomic architecture placing the attention on genes associated with stress and neuropeptide hormones ( Clark et al., 2011 and Toullec et al., 2013). In

the Antarctic brittle star Ophionotus victoriae, the transcriptome click here was described to characterize the genes involved in regeneration ( Burns et al., 2013). In patellogastropods, only one mitochrondrial genome is available (NCBI DQ238599) and only recently the draft genome of Lottia gigantea was released (NCBI KB199650). In terms of the available sequence data for nacellid species, there are 667 sequences described in the NCBI database, corresponding mostly to Cytochrome Oxidase I, analyzed in a phylogeographic study ( González-Wevar et al., 2013). Thus, here we describe the head transcriptome in three limpet species inhabiting in South America and Antarctica with the aim to generate useful genomic information to study the molecular basis on adaptation in marine Loperamide invertebrate species.

Samples of adult individuals of the Antarctic limpet N. concinna were collected from the intertidal zone during a low tidal period near Base Escudero Station at Fildes bay, King George Island, South Shetland Island (62°10′S, 58°51′W), during the summer of 2012. Adult specimens of N. magallanica were obtained from the intertidal zone from Punta Santa Ana, Strait of Magellan (53° 37′S, 70° 54′W) during the summer of 2012. N. clypeater individuals were collected from the intertidal zone of La Mision, Valdivia, Chile (39° 46′ S, 73° 23′W) during the summer of 2012. For each species, head tissue extracted from 15 individuals was immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at − 80 °C. See Supplementary methods for RNA preparation, cDNA library and sequencing.