To estimate the incidence and prevalence of work-related diseases, the most robust way would be to undertake detailed etiological studies of exposed populations in which disease outcomes can be studied in relation to risk factors at work and other potential causative factors. However, this type of studies can rarely be performed on such a scale that the findings can serve as an estimate of the prevalence of several work-related diseases in larger populations. Thus, the common alternative approach is to rely

on self-report by asking people whether they suffer from work-related illness using open, structured, or semi-structured interviews, or (self-administered) questionnaires. Self-report measures are used to measure health conditions click here check details but also to obtain information on the demographic characteristics of respondents (e.g., age, work experience, education) and about the respondents’ occupational history of exposure, demands, and tasks. Sometimes self-report is the only way to gather this information because many health and exposure conditions cannot easily be observed directly; in those cases, it is not possible to know what a person is experiencing without asking

them. When using self-report measures, it is important to realize that they are potentially vulnerable to distortion due to a range of factors, including social desirability, dissimulation, and response style (Murphy and Davidshofer 1994; Lezak 1995). For example, how people think about their illness is reflected in their illness perceptions (Leventhal et al. 1980). In general, these illness perceptions contain beliefs about the identity of the illness, the causes,

the duration, the personal consequences of the illness, and the extent to which the illness can be controlled either personally or by treatment. As a result, people with the same symptoms or illness or injury can have widely different perceptions of their condition (Petrie and Weinman 2006). It is therefore clear that the validity Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase of the information on self-reported disease relies heavily on the ability of participants to specifically self-report their medical condition. From various studies, we know that the type of health condition may be a determinant for a valid self-report (Oksanen et al. 2010; Smith et al. 2008; Merkin et al. 2007). From comparing self-reported illness with information in medical records, these studies showed that diseases with clear diagnostic criteria (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction) tended to have higher rates of agreement than those that were more complicated to diagnose by a physician or more difficult for the patient to understand (e.g., asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, heart failure). The self-assessment of work relatedness can be considered a part of the perception of the causes of an illness.

Appl Environ Microbiol 1987, 53:2636–2641.PubMed 22. Hackley KC, Panno SV, Anderson TF: Chemical and isotopic indicators

of groundwater evolution in the basal sands of a buried bedrock valley in the midwestern united states: implications for recharge, rock-water interactions, Acalabrutinib in vivo and mixing. Geol Soc Am Bull 2010, 122:1047–1066.CrossRef 23. Kempton JP, Johnson WH, Heigold PC, Cartwright K, Kempton JP: Mahomet bedrock valley in east-central illinois; topography, glacial drift stratigraphy, and hydrogeology. In Geology and hydrogeology of the teays-mahomet bedrock valley system. Edited by: Melhorn WN, Boulder CO. America: Geological Society of America Special Paper 258; 1991:91–124.CrossRef 24. Griebler C, Mindl B, Slezak D, Geiger-Kaiser M: Distribution patterns of attached 5-Fluoracil clinical trial and suspended

bacteria in pristine and contaminated shallow aquifers studied with an in situ sediment exposure microcosm. Aquat Microb Ecol 2002, 28:117–129.CrossRef 25. Kyrias MP: Monitoring dissolved gases and ions in groundwater using an in situ technique. M.S. Thesis: University of Illinois, Department of Geology; 2010. 26. Wilhelm E, Battino R, Wilcock RJ: Low-pressure solubility of gases in liquid water. Chem Rev 1977, 77:219–262.CrossRef 27. Bethke CM: Geochemical and biogeochemical reaction modeling. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2008. 28. Delany JM, Lundeen SR: The LLNL thermochemical database. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report UCRL 1989, 21658:1989. 29. Helgeson HC: Thermodynamics of hydrothermal systems at elevated temperatures and pressures. Am J Sci 1969, 267:729–804.CrossRef 30. Tsai YL, Olson BH: Rapid method for direct extraction of DNA from soil and sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 1991, 57:1070–1074.PubMed 31. Lu J, Santo Domingo Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase JW, Lamendella R, Edge T, Hill S: Phylogenetic diversity and molecular detection of bacteria in gull feces. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008, 74:3969–3976.PubMedCrossRef 32. Huber

T, Faulkner G, Hugenholtz P: Bellerophon: a program to detect chimeric sequences in multiple sequence alignments. Bioinformatics 2004, 20:2317–2319.PubMedCrossRef 33. Schloss PD, Westcott SL, Ryabin T, Hall JR, Hartmann M, Hollister EB, Lesniewski RA, Oakley BB, Parks DH, Robinson CJ, et al.: Introducing mothur: open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009, 75:7537–7541.PubMedCrossRef 34. DeSantis TZ, Hugenholtz P, Larsen N, Rojas M, Brodie EL, Keller K, Huber T, Dalevi D, Hu P, Andersen GL: Greengenes, a chimera-checked 16S rRNA gene database and workbench compatible with ARB. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006, 72:5069–5072.PubMedCrossRef 35. Ludwig W, Strunk O, Westram R, Richter L, Meier H, Yadhukumar , Buchner A, Lai T, Steppi S, Jobb G, et al.: ARB: a software environment for sequence data.

35): “By combining collective influence in management decision making with the formation of autonomous groups…the individual and the group will be able to achieve enlarged control over the

work system and the work methods.” The concept, collective control, emphasizes a dialectical interrelationship between job control and social support at work [as a property of a group of workers—workers’ solidarity—against managerial control (Aronsson 1989; Grzyb 1981)]. Collective control could be related with workers’ health in various ways (Johnson 1991), for instance, it can alter the level of job demands directly (eg. through a collective bargaining), Opaganib supplier modify the detrimental health impact of job demands (eg. provision of emotional support), or affect workers’ health through fulfilling basic human needs such as companionship and need for control, independent of job demands. The collective control concept implies that there could be a synergistic interaction between job control and social support at work on common mental disorders. However, the concept does not allow check details a testable prediction as to whether, if any, the synergistic interaction

will differ by the level of job demands. With regard to the nature of the interactions in the DCS model, Kasl (1996) also argued to test and present all possible interactions between job control, job demands, and social support at work on Liothyronine Sodium health

outcomes. Furthermore, Schaubroeck and Fink (1998) suggested paying attention to the interaction between job control and social support at work on work performance and well-being, as one reason of the inconsistent findings in tests of the DC model. The aims of this study To our knowledge, few studies have examined explicitly and specifically the synergistic interaction effect between job control and social support at work on common mental disorder and its dependence on the level of job demands in both male and female workers. Some investigators (Johnson and Hall 1988; Landsbergis et al. 1992) reported synergistic effects between job control and social support at work on cardiovascular diseases and job dissatisfaction when job demand was low, but the synergistic effects were not observed when job demand was high. The combination (i.e., called ‘resources’) of low job control, low social support at work, and low job rewards was a strong predictor for depression and anxiety in a subsample (n = 85) of the Whitehall II Study, while none of the risk factors examined separately was a significant predictor for depression and anxiety (Griffin et al. 2007). The Hordaland Health Study (Sanne et al. 2005a) implied, albeit not tested, a synergistic interaction between job control and social support at work for depression and anxiety in both men and women when the level of job demands was high.

In response to a plant signal present in nodules, three receptor-like adenylate cyclases CyaD1, CyaD2 and CyaK synthesize the secondary messenger molecule 3′, 5′cAMP. 3′, 5′cAMP together with the Crp-like transcriptional activator Clr in turn promote transcription of the target gene smc02178, of unknown biochemical function [3]. We have recently found that this cascade contributes to the autoregulation of the symbiotic interaction. Specifically, activation of the cAMP cascade in nodules inhibits, by a mechanism that remains to be elucidated, secondary infection by rhizospheric bacteria.

This control is lost in either a triple cyaD1cyaD2cyaK mutant, a clr or a smc02178 mutant resulting in a hyper-infection phenotype on plants–ie an abundance of RG7422 abortive ITs on roots–as a consequence of a relaxed control of secondary infection [3]. The concentration of the second messenger 3′, 5′cAMP in cells is controlled at the level of its synthesis by ACs and/or by its degradation Small molecule library cell line to 5′AMP by phosphodiesterases (PDEs). PDEs are a superfamily of enzymes divided in three, non-homologous, main classes. All mammalian PDEs as well as several enzymes identified in Drosophila, Caenorhabditis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae belong to class I, whose conserved

carboxy-terminal catalytic domain contains two invariant motifs H(X)3H(X)25-35D/E [17]. Class II PDEs are enzymes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Dictyostelium discoideum, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, C. albicans, and Vibrio fischeri[17]. This class of enzymes shares the conserved motif HXHLDH. Class III PDEs belong to the superfamily of metallophosphoesterases [18]. They share the conserved sequence motif D-(X)n-GD(X)n-GNH[E/D]-(X)n-H-(X)n-GHXH

as well as a βαβαβ secondary structure signature Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase [17]. Here we report on the characterization of a class III PDE from S. meliloti (SpdA, SMc02179) that we anticipated from the localization of the spdA gene at the cyaD1 locus to be involved in signal termination by turning-over the secondary messenger 3′, 5′cAMP. We have found that purified SpdA had actually no detectable activity against 3′, 5′cAMP and, instead, had high activity on the structural isomer 2′, 3′cAMP, which may occur in cells as a by-product of RNA degradation [19]. We demonstrated that, contrary to 3′, 5′cAMP that promoted Clr binding to a cognate binding-site, 2′, 3′cAMP bound unproductively to Clr. Although SpdA biological function remains to be established, we present circumstantial evidence that SpdA may insulate 3′, 5′cAMP-mediated signaling from 2′, 3′-structural isomers. Results SpdA, a putative PDE Inspection of the cyaD1 locus (Figure 1A), that contains the clr gene as well as the clr–target gene smc02178, pointed to the smc02179 gene product as a potential PDE that we subsequently coined SpdA.

4), p = 0.023), HIV positivity (OR = 5.9, 95% CI (3.1- 8.9), p = 0.002),

low CD 4 count (<200 cells/μl) (OR = 7.0, 95% CI (3.9-10.5), p = 0.000), high ASA class (OR = 8.1, 95% CI (5.6-12.9), p = 0.014), surgical site infection (OR = 1.5, 95% CI (1.1-4.6), p = 0.026) were the main predictors of mortality. Follow up of patients Of the survivors, seventy-eight (92.9%) patients were discharged well and the remaining six (7.1%) patients were discharged against medical advice. No patient among survivors in this study had permanent disabilities. Of the 84 survivors, thirty-four (40.5%) patients were available for follow up at three to six months after discharge and the remaining 50 (59.5%) patients were lost Copanlisib to follow up. Discussion In this review, the underlying cause of bowel obstruction was tuberculosis in 22.4% of patients,

a figure which is comparable with 21.8% reported by Ali et al[22] in Pakistan. However, this figure is higher than that observed in many other studies [23–26]. These differences in the rate of tuberculous intestinal obstruction reflect differences in the prevalence and risk factors for developing complications of TB such as bowel obstruction among different study settings. The figures for the rate INCB024360 of tuberculous intestinal obstruction in our study may actually be an underestimate and the magnitude of the problem may not be apparent because of high number of patients excluded from this clonidine study. This study showed that males were slightly more affected than females with a male to female ratio of 1.8:1 which is comparable to the global ratio of 1.5 to 2.1:1 [27]. Some workers report that the disease is more common in males in the western countries while in developing counties the females predominate [28]. We could not find in literature the reasons for this gender differences. Intestinal tuberculosis, like tuberculosis elsewhere

in the body affects the young people at the peak of their productive life [29]. This fact is reflected in our study as the highest age incidence of the patients was in the second and third decades of life and more than seventy percent of our patients were aged forty years and below. This is in accordance with the results of other workers [16, 30]. The presentation of tuberculous intestinal obstruction in this age group has serious impacts on the national economy and production, as working and productive class of community is replaced by sick and ill individuals. Intestinal obstruction resulting from tuberculous has been reported to be more prevalent in people with low socio-economic status [31]. This observation is reflected in our study where most of patients had either primary or no formal education and more than seventy-five percent of them were unemployed. The majority of patients in the present study came from the rural areas located a considerable distance from the study area and more than eighty percent of them had no identifiable health insurance.

0%) patients were lost to follow up. Discussion Intestinal perforation is the most serious complication

of typhoid fever in the developing world that presents a challenge to surgeons in that perforation leads to high morbidity and mortality, but development of perforation is also unpredictable [14, 15, 22–27]. The incidence of the disease varies considerably in different parts of the world [28]. The incidence of find more typhoid intestinal perforation had previously been reported as an indication of endemicity of typhoid fever in any locality [27, 29–34]. In most parts of the world, perforation rate ranges from 0.6% to 4.9% of enteric fever cases [8, 35], but in West Africa, higher rates of 10%-33% have been reported [28, 29, 31, 36]. In this review, the rate of typhoid intestinal perforation represented 8.5% of cases which is significantly lower than that reported in Western Africa [29, 31, 36]. High rate of intestinal perforation in this region may be due to a more virulent strain of Salmonella typhi among West selleck screening library Africans, coupled with increased hypersensitivity reaction in the Peyer’s patches in this sub-region, where the perforation rate is higher than other endemic areas. These differences in the incidence

of the disease reflect differences in the rate of risk factors for typhoid intestinal perforation from one country to another. The figures for the rate of typhoid intestinal perforation in our study

may actually be an underestimate and the magnitude of the problem may not be apparent because of high number of patients Thymidylate synthase excluded from this study. In the present study, the highest incidence of typhoid intestinal perforation occurred in the first and second decades of life which is in keeping with other studies done elsewhere [6, 15, 28]. The increasing occurrence of typhoid intestinal perforation in this age group in our setting can be explained by the fact that youths are generally more adventurous and mobile and are more likely to eat unhygienic food outside the home. There is also high risk of fecal contamination as they visit the toilets at school or public toilets. High incidence of the disease in this age group has a negative impact on the country’s economy because this group represents the economically productive age group and portrays an economic lost both to the family and the nation. The fact that the economically productive age-group is mostly affected demands an urgent public policy response on preventive measures such as safe drinking water and appropriate sewage disposal, and typhoid vaccination. In agreement with other studies [15, 26, 27, 35, 36], typhoid intestinal perforation in the present study was more common in males than in females.

clavuligerus or N. lactamdurans [16, 20, 21, 31–34, 42, 43]. Based on results of cultivations using only lysine as additive (Figure 2), concentrations of amino acid ranging from 0 to 7.4 g l-1 were selected in order to minimize its effect on biomass production.

With respect to alpha-aminoadipic acid, concentrations ranging from 0 to 0.64 g l-1 were selected due to superior cephamycin C volumetric production results obtained in this range (Figure 3). As to lysine, the highest volumetric production of cephamycin C was observed at 48 hours, which varied little at 72 hours (Figure 2B). The highest volumetric production values for the basal medium with 1,3-diaminopropane or alpha-aminoadipic acid were observed at 72 hours. With respect to cadaverine and putrescine, the highest volumetric production values observed at 48 and 72 hours were almost TSA HDAC the same. Sorafenib For this reason, cultivation time was standardized to 72 hours for the experimental designs and bioreactor processes. The chosen experimental design (CCF) and the concentration range employed for the compounds under investigation (independent variables), together with the use of response surface methodology for statistical treatment of the data obtained at 72 h cultivation, allowed for the adjustment of quadratic models to predict cephamycin C production at 90% confidence level. The generated response surfaces

and their corresponding second-order polynomials are shown in Figure 4.

Table 3 shows the analyses SSR128129E of variance (ANOVA) of the fitted models, including the F-test to verify the overall significance of each model, its associated probabilities p(F), and determination coefficient R2. Figure 4 Fitted response surfaces (at 90% confidence level) for cephamycin C concentration (CephC). Batch cultivation (72-hour) in shaken-flasks in media containing: (A) lysine (Lys) and alpha-aminoadipic acid (AAA), (B) lysine (Lys) and 1,3-diaminopropane (1,3D), (C) lysine (Lys) and cadaverine (Cad), and (D) lysine (Lys) and putrescine (Put). Table 3 Analyses of variance (ANOVA) for the quadratic models regressions at 90% confidence level   Lysine and alpha-aminoadipic acid (R2 = 0.9543*) Lysine and 1,3-diaminopropane (R2 = 0.9544*) Source SS DF MS F p SS DF MS F p Model 13,068.14 5 2,613.63 25.06** 6.0 x 10-4 15,993.37 5 3198.67 25.10** 6.0 x 10-4 Residual 625.82 6 104.30     764.58 6 127.43     Lack of fit 509.35 3 169.78 4.37 0.128 441.58 3 147.19 1.37 0.402 Pure error 116.47 3 38.82     323.00 3 107.67     Total 13,693.96 11       16,757.95 11         Lysine and cadaverine (R 2   = 0.9793*) Lysine and putrescine (R 2   = 0.9006*) Source SS DF MS F p SS DF MS F p Model 3,080.16 5 616.03 56.77** <10-4 3,650.07 5 730.01 10.87** 5.7 x 10-3 Residual 65.10 6 10.85     402.82 6 67.14     Lack of fit 32.35 3 10.78 0.99 0.503 318.82 3 106.27 3.79 0.151 Pure error 32.75 3 10.92     84.00 3 28.

Finally, the double ΔrhlA mutant does

not produce any detectable rhamnolipids. Figure 5 Rhamnolipid production by single Δ rhlA mutants. Total rhamnolipid production by the B. thailandensis E264 wild type strain and both single ΔrhlA mutant cultures grown in NB with glycerol (2%), as quantified by LC/MS. Each data point shows the mean of triplicate measurements. Error bars represent the SD. The double ΔrhlA1rhlA2 mutant does not produce any rhamnolipids. Swarming motility requires both rhlA alleles In P. aeruginosa, production of rhamnolipids is essential for expression of the multicellular behaviour called swarming motility [31]. It was therefore of interest to assess whether rhamnolipids are also important for this type of motility in B. thailandensis. Furthermore, since both rhlA alleles are functional and contributing to the production of rhamnolipids in this species, we wondered if the amount of biosurfactants produced by the single this website mutants would be sufficient to permit the swarming phenotype. ΔrhlA1 and ΔrhlA2 mutants of B. thailandensis were thus tested for their ability to swarm. Figure 6A (Control column) shows the swarming phenotype of the wild type strain as well as the single ΔrhlA mutants and the double ΔrhlA mutant. We observe

that the single mutants have hindered swarming motility whereas the double mutant is incapable of such motility. Thus, one functional copy of rhlA does not provide enough rhamnolipid production to allow normal surface translocation Luminespib datasheet on a semi-solid surface. Interestingly, the ΔrhlA1 mutant is capable of moving to a greater distance than the ΔrhlA2 mutant (Figure 6A). This observation concurs with the above results showing the superior rhamnolipid production by

the ΔrhlA1 mutant compared to the ΔrhlA2 mutant (Figure 5). Finally, as expected, the double ΔrhlA mutant is incapable of any swarming. Figure 6 Swarming phenotype restoration within the Δ rhlA mutants. Swarm plates were incubated for 18 h at 30°C DOCK10 with B. thailandensis E264 wild type strain, both single ΔrhlA mutants as well as the double ΔrhlA mutant. Under these experimental conditions swarming motility is normally favored, as observed with the wild type strain. Experiments were done in triplicate. A) Swarming phenotype restoration of the ΔrhlA mutants with addition of 1, 5, 10 and 25 mg/L of exogenous purified rhamnolipids. B) Cross-feeding experimentation with both ΔrhlA single mutants. Left: mutants placed side-by-side; Right: mutants mixed before plating. To test whether swarming phenotype restoration is possible with our ΔrhlA mutants, swarm assays were performed with the addition of increasing concentrations of exogenous rhamnolipids. We observed that the ΔrhlA1 mutant requires less exogenous rhamnolipids to regain complete swarming motility compared to the ΔrhlA2 mutant, consistent with the finding that this latter mutant produces less rhamnolipids.

LC conceived of the work. LC and QT carried out the gene cloning and RNA expression analysis of LCMR1 in normal human tissues. ZL prepared GST-LCMR1 protein and antibody. CL participated in the qPCR and drafted the manuscript. ZL and XM performed immunohistochemistry analysis. CL and YL carried out qPCR. YZ, ZY, and PW collected the cases and sections. LC participated in the design and coordination

and supervised the whole study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Follicular lymphoma is the most common type of indolent non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in Western countries and is typically characterized by recurrence of disease. There is usually a pattern of repeated remissions and relapses until patients become refractory to treatment. The duration of remissions becomes shorter with repeated induction attempts. Transformation to more aggressive NHL occurs in selleck RAD001 research buy 15% to 50% of the patients at 5 years.After first relapse patients in otherwise good health are candidate for

salvage chemotherapy: combination chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and for some patients with good performance status and responsive disease, myeloablative therapy with stem-cell rescue. A number of cytotoxic agents in combination are active in this patient population and FCR regimen has provided encouraging results as initial or salvage therapy in patients with CLL or indolent NHL [1, 2]. Radioimmunotherapy is also an excellent modality in the treatment of NHL; the target antigen, radionuclide emission properties, and chemical stability of radioimmunoconjugates

are important factors that contribute to the effectiveness of RIT.90 Yttrium can deliver a high beta energy to tumor (2-3 MeV) and 90 Yttrium Ibritumomab Tiuxetan ( 90 Y -RIT ) – Zevalin® – consists of the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody Adenosine ibritumomab (an IgG1k antibody which is the murine parent immunoglobulin to rituximab) covalently bound to the chelating agent tiuxetan and radiolabeled with 90 Yttrium. Furthermore recently FIT study has shown that consolidation of first remission with 90 Yttrium in advance-stage follicular lymphoma is highly effective with no unexpected toxicities, prolonging progression free survival (PFS) by 2 years [3, 4]. Then consolidation with 90 Yttrium after first line induction therapy, may allow more patients, with disseminated disease at diagnosis, to benefit from radioimmunotherapy and may present an attractive treatment option, particulary in older patients (age ≥ 60 years) who represent rougly 50% of patients with newly diagnosed indolent NHL. 90 Y-RIT also has been reported to be effective in patients with relapsed or refractory FL [5–7]. In this article we describe our experience with 90 Y -RIT consolidation in nine patients relapsed with grade 1 and 2 FL patients, responding to FCR.

In contrast, as shown in Figure 4c, the in situ sintered conductive pattern revealed a continuous silver track with less pores or voids. This was due to the Marangoni flow that

facilitated the silver nanoparticles to spread and join large liquid nanoparticles and promote the evaporation of surfactant during the in situ sintering process accordingly [41]. In this case, even a low sintering temperature (140°C) could allow the patterns to be conductive with R sq of 6 Ω/cm2. Figure 4 Metallurgical microscope LY294002 manufacturer and SEM images of silver patterns and EDS analysis. Metallurgical microscope images of silver patterns: (a) inkjet-printed and (b) spray-coated patterns with 170°C post sintering and (c) spray-coated patterns with 170°C in situ sintering. SEM images of the morphology of spray-coated silver

patterns based on 170°C post sintering (d) and in situ sintering (e) processes. (f, g) EDS analysis of the dark bulges and flattened area in (d, e), respectively. Furthermore, SEM was employed to understand the change in the morphology of spray-coated silver nanoparticle inks. Figure 4d,e shows the morphology of spray-coated post sintered and in situ sintered conductive patterns, respectively. In selleckchem Figure 4d, it is obvious that there are a large number of nanoscale dark bulges on the surface of post sintered patterns, and the surface roughness is about 40 nm. However, in situ sintered patterns significantly exhibit

a lower density of dark bulges. Additionally, in situ sintered patterns exhibit a smoother surface with a roughness of 23 nm. Characterized by EDS, a detailed elemental analysis of the sample Ketotifen has been performed. The dark bulges were corresponding to the C element peaking at 0.3 keV. The flat surface was related to the binding energies of Ag L α and Ag L β at the peaks of 3.0 and 3.2 keV, respectively [42]. The main reason for dense dark bulges in the post sintered pattern was that there was a large space for the stabilizer polymer to transfer to the surface and aggregate to become bulges during sintering at high temperature [41]. In comparison, the relatively sparse dark bulges of the in situ sintered pattern can be attributed to the simultaneous evaporation of the stabilizer polymer and sintering of silver inks. Dried droplet limited the mobility of the stabilizer polymer, which was not affected by the latish wet droplet inks. Hence, there were a few dark bulges detected on the surface, but many of them were distributed into the whole pattern vertically. This was also consistent with the lower conductivity of in situ sintered conductive patterns at high sintering temperature [40]. To testify the application of spray-coated silver nanoparticle inks for optoelectronic application, an inverted PSC was fabricated.