List of references of previous meta-analyses and all eligible studies were also explored for eligibility. Studies selection Two independent authors (B.S. and P.N.) independently selected studies from identified studies using inclusion criteria as follows: study design was RCT,

had the outcome of interest as SSI, and had intervention groups as PC and DPC in open surgery. The studies were excluded if they had insufficient data for pooling. If disagreement between the two reviewers occurred, consensus was held with a third party (A.T.) for adjudication. Data extraction B.S. and P.N. extracted data using a standardized data extraction form. Corresponding authors of eligible studies were contacted twice to provide additional MAPK inhibitor data if reported summary data were incomplete. Data from the two reviewers were validated and disagreement was solved by consensus with a third party (A.T.). Risk of bias assessment Risk of bias assessment were done by B.S. and C.W. using the Cochrane tool [19], which consisted of six domains including sequence generation, allocation selleck screening library concealment, blinding, incomplete outcome data, selective outcome

report, and other sources of bias. Each item was graded as low or high risk of bias if there was sufficient information to assess, otherwise it was graded as unclear. Interventions The DPC and PC were defined accordingly to individual studies. Briefly, the DPC was defined as a wound that was initially left opened after operation with planning to suture about day 5–7 afterward. The PC was

defined as a wound that was sutured immediately after completion of the operation. Wounds that were left open by secondary intention were not considered as DPC and were not included in this analysis. Outcomes The primary outcome was SSI, which was defined according to their original studies. This could be clinical diagnosing using clinical data (e.g., purulent discharge, presence of inflammation) or definite diagnosis proved by specimen culture. Failure Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor to suture as planned in the DPC was also considered as SSI in our analysis. The secondary outcome was length of hospital stay, which was the duration between admission and discharge dates. Statistical analysis A risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of SSI between PC and DPC were estimated and pooled using inverse variance method. If heterogeneity of intervention effect was present, the Der-Simonian and Laid method was used for pooling. For length of stay, a mean difference between PC vs DPC was estimated for each study.

Only the BUD/FM and BUD treatment arms, which were common to all four studies, are presented; small molecule library screening these studies were not originally powered for comparison of asthma events. Table I Study treatments and entry criteria[5–8] Table II Predefined criteria for asthma events[5–8] Table III Patient demographic and baseline clinical characteristics[5–8] a,b Statistical methods for this analysis are similar to those described previously.[5–8] Comparisons among treatment groups

of percentages of patients who experienced ≥1 predefined asthma event and of percentages of patients who withdrew because of such an event were performed by χ2 test (study I) or Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test with adjustment for treatment (studies III and IV) and ICS dose (medium or high; studies II, III, and IV) at study entry. Results Baseline demographics were

similar across studies (table II). As expected, patients with mild to moderate asthma had better pulmonary function than those with moderate to severe asthma. The percentage of patients with moderate to severe asthma who experienced find more ≥1 asthma event was lower in the BUD/FM groups versus the BUD group, with statistically significant differences observed in study II (p < 0.05) [figure 1]. In all studies, the most commonly met predefined criterion was night-time awakening. The predefined criterion of clinical exacerbation included the following subcategories that were not mutually exclusive: study I (BUD/FM: one patient [one emergency department (ED) visit, one event of disallowed asthma medication use], BUD: three patients Clomifene [one ED visit, three events of disallowed asthma medication use]); study II (BUD/FM: seven patients [three ED visits, seven events of disallowed asthma medication use], BUD: five patients [one ED visit, four events of disallowed asthma medication use]); study III (BUD/FM: three patients [two events of disallowed asthma medication use, one event of nebulized bronchodilator use, three events

of oral corticosteroid use], BUD: three patients [one ED visit, three events of disallowed asthma medication use, one event of nebulized bronchodilator use, and three events of oral corticosteroid use]); study IV (BUD/FM: seven patients [two ED visits, two hospitalizations — one due to multiple significant/active comorbidities and one due to viral infection, seven events of disallowed asthma medication use], BUD: two patients [two events of disallowed medication use]). Fig. 1 Percentages of patients with ≥1 predefined asthma event (overall and individual events) and withdrawals due to predefined asthma event in (a) study I (predominantly White patients with mild to moderate asthma), (b) study II (predominantly White patients with moderate to severe asthma), (c) study III (Black patients), and (d) study IV (Hispanic patients).

fumigatus survival and dissemination during invasive aspergillosis [35, 36]. Figure 2 Proteomic analysis of the temperature selleck products effects. The hierarchical clustering obtained on CM10 ProteinChips® with metabolic extracts (A) and somatic

extracts (B) with the three wild-type A. fumigatus strains (IHEM 18963, IHEM 22145, IHEM 9599). The three extracts, one for each strain, obtained at 25°C (in red) and at 37°C (in blue) are indicated on the top of the figure. Values on the right indicate the molecular mass of protein differentially expressed according to the laser intensities used (in red 2000 nanoJoule (nJ) and in blue 4000 nJ). Two clusters were observed according to growth temperatures with the metabolic and the somatic extracts. Higher number of proteins was up regulated at 37°C than at 25°C in both fractions. In the dendrograms shown, the red, black or green colour indicates that the relative intensity of the protein concentration is respectively higher, intermediate or lower than

the mean value. Oxygenation On CM10 and NP20 ProteinChips®, two distinct clusters were obtained depending on oxygenation conditions for all the fungal samples analyzed whatever the temperature and media applied to growth conditions (data not shown). Oxygen and a functional respiratory chain have been demonstrated to be essential for the germination process and mycelial development of A. fumigatus [37]. The protein patterns for both the metabolic and somatic GSK2118436 nmr fractions are notably influenced by oxygenation. From cultures with modified Sabouraud medium at 37°C, we observed 65 significant peaks out of 122 between static and shaken cultures for the somatic A. fumigatus extracts and 55 out of 112 for the metabolic fractions (p < 0.05) (data not shown). Aspergillus fumigatus is exposed to rapid changes in hypoxic conditions at sites of inflammation. The response to stressful conditions is likely to be an important virulence attribute of this pathogenic mold [5, 38]. Medium On modified Sabouraud medium the number of upregulated proteins was higher than in the modified Czapeck medium for the three wild-types

strains of A. fumigatus. The medium composition obviously acts on fungal growth. The medium influence has already Chloroambucil been shown using 2-D electrophoresis for A. fumigatus [12] and MALDI-TOF analysis for A. oryzae [39]. In conclusion, the results obtained clearly show that A. fumigatus proteome is dynamic and will adapt to its immediate environment as described for Aspergillus nidulans [40] and bacteria [41]. The three strains of A. fumigatus responded in the same way according to the variations of environmental factors such as temperature, medium and oxygenation. For comparative analysis applied to discriminate strains and species, the modified Sabouraud medium and incubation temperature at 37°C were selected. Comparison of atypical pigmented A.

Using next generation amplicon sequencing of individually tagged 16S rRNA-PCR reactions [20], we here assessed the combined effects of host population and disturbance/host stress on the microbial communities associated with gill tissue of Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas stemming from populations only very recently

invading the North Sea. The invasion of Pacific oysters into the Wadden Sea part of the North Sea originated from aquaculture activities in the 1990s [21], and today Pacific oysters locally represent the dominant epibenthic bivalve species [22]. Oyster populations in the northern and southern parts of the Wadden Sea stem from two genetically distinct invasion sources [23]. These separate invasions are also interesting in terms GSK2879552 chemical structure of summer mortality events because summer mortality has been observed only in southern populations so far [24]. Individual Compound Library price microbial communities can also be influenced by host genetics, either between populations (i.e. phylogeography and genetic

differentiation) [25] or within populations (i.e. relatedness). Strong skew in reproductive success among individual breeders [26] is common in marine bivalves displaying high juvenile mortality (i.e. type III survivor curves) and can lead to increased genetic differentiation. In turn this can also lead to genetic differentiation on small spatial scales and therefore we here compare microbial communities in oysters from different reefs that most likely originated Quinapyramine from different spatfall events. Our sampling scheme allowed us to evaluate the relative importance of host population genetic structure independent of confounding effects of geography. We investigated a total of 40 individual oyster microbiomes within three separate oyster reefs stemming from two tidal basins in the northern Wadden Sea. By exposing half of the oysters to a disturbance treatment, we tested

if stress in combination with environmental change causes a shift in the microbial communities and if such a shift is associated with an increase in the abundances of potentially pathogenic bacteria during periods of stress. This could potentially reveal whether mortality events originate from environmental or intrinsic reservoirs and if such events are possibly associated with the demise of beneficial microbes. The artificially induced microbial community shift can thus be used to compare reaction norms of microbial communities in naturally replicated host genotypes across genetically differentiated host populations. Our detailed objectives were 1) to test the differentiation of individual host-associated microbial communities according to population and individual genetic differentiation (i.e.

The phylum Basidiomycota is generally regarded as having three major clades (Fig. 1; Swann and Taylor 1995; Lutzoni et al. 2004; Taylor et al. 2004; Bauer et al. 2006; Matheny et al. 2007a, b), the Pucciniomycotina (Urediniomycetes, Fig. 2a–d), the Ustilaginomycotina (Ustilaginomycetes, Fig. 2f–h), and the Agaricomycotina (Hymenomycetes, Fig. 2i–t), with the phylogenetic positions of additional two major lineages, the Entorrhizomycetes (Fig. 2e) and Wallemiomycetes yet unclear (Table 1; Zalar et al. 2005; Matheny et al. 2007c; Hibbett et al. 2007).

Fig. 1 A simplified schema of the classification of the phylum Basidiomycota, mainly based on Hibbett et al. (2007) and Matheny et learn more al. (2007b, c). Dashed-line arrows indicate taxa that are of uncertain placement; dotted-line arrows indicate ancient and recent gasteromycetations Fig. 2 Diverse forms of spore-producing structures in Basidiomycota. a–d. Species of Pucciniomycotina. a. Puccinia recondita (Pucciniales, aecial stage) on Thalictrum rutifolium. b. Chrysomyxa succinea (Pucciniales, telial stage) on Rhododendron sp. c. Jola cf. javensis (Platygloeales) on moss. d. Sphacelotheca sp. (Microbotryales) on Polygonum sp. e. Entorrhiza

casparyana (Entorrhizomycetes) on Juncus articulatus. Selleckchem PI3K Inhibitor Library f–h. Species of Ustilaginomycotina. f. Ustilago nuda (Ustilaginales) on Hordeum vulgare var. nudum. g. Anthracoidea filamentosae (Ustilaginales) on Carex crebra. h. Exobasidium deqinense (Exobasidiales) on Rhododendron sp. i–t. Species of Agaricomycotina. i. Dacrymyces yunnanensis (Dacrymycetales) on rotten wood.

j. Auricularia auricula (Auriculariales) on rotten wood. k. Tremellodendropsis tuberosa (Auriculariales). BCKDHB l. Sebacina incrustans (Sebacinales). m. Multiclavula sinensis (Cantharellales, basidiolichen). n. Geastrum sacatum (Geastrales). o. Ramaria hemirubella (Gomphales). p. Phallus luteus (Phallales). q. Phallogaster saccatus (Hysterangiales). r. Agaricus bisporus (Agaricales). s. Crucibulum laeve (Agaricales). t. Boletus reticuloceps (Boletales) Table 1 Summary of recent phylogenetic classification of the basidiomycetes Phyllum Basidiomycota subphylum position unknown Pucciniomycotina Ustilaginomycotina Agaricomycotina Entorrhizomycetes Wallemiomycetes 8 classes 2 classes 3 classes 1 class 1 class 18 orders 9 orders 23 orders 1 order 1 order 34 families 28 families 119 families 1 families 1 families 242 genera 117 genera 1146 genera 2 genera 1 genus 8300 species 1700 species 21000 species 15 species 3 species The statistics of the number of the taxa were based on Hibbett et al. (2007) and Kirk et al. (2008), and published data since 2007 which were not included in Kirk et al. (2008). Numbers of species of the three subphyla were rounded to the whole hundreds It is worthy and interesting to note that Moncalvo et al. (2002) highlighted the complexity of the history of the Agaricomycotina.

PubMed 23. Odeh

M, Sabo E, Srugo I, Oliven A: Relationship between tumor necrosis factor-a and ammonia in patients with hepatic encephalopathy due to chronic liver failure. Ann Med 2005, 37: 603–612.CrossRefPubMed 24. Falasca K, Ucciferri C, Dalessandro M, Zingariello P, Mancino P, Petrarca C, Pizzigallo E, Conti P, Vecchiet J: Cytokine patterns correlate with liver damage in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2006, 36: 144–150.PubMed 25. Cua IH, Hui JM, Bandara P, Kench JG, Farrell GC, McCaughan selleck kinase inhibitor GW, George J: Insulin resistance and liver injury in hepatitis C is not associated with virus-specific changes in adipocytokines. Hepatology 2007, 46: 66–73.CrossRefPubMed 26. Elsammak M, Refai W, Elsawaf A, Abdel-Fattah I, Abd Elatti E, Ghazal A: Elevated serum tumor necrosis factor alpha and ferritin may contribute to the insulin resistance found in HCV positive Egyptian patients. Curr Med Res Opin 2005, 21: 527–534.CrossRefPubMed 27. Kamal SM, Turner B, He Q, Rasenack J,

Bianchi L, Al Tawil A, Nooman A, Massoud M, Koziel MJ, Afdhal NH: Progression of fibrosis in hepatitis C with and without schistosomiasis: correlation with serum markers XMU-MP-1 molecular weight of fibrosis. Hepatology 2006, 43: 771–779.CrossRefPubMed 28. Nelson DR, Lim HL, Marousis CG, Fang JW, Davis GL, Shen L, Urdea MS, Kolberg JA, Lau JY: Activation of tumor necrosis factor a system in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Dig Dis Sci 1997, 42: 2487–2494.CrossRefPubMed 29. Aderka D, Wysenbeek A, Engelmann H, Cope AP, Brennan F, Molad Y, Hornik V, Levo Y, Maini RN, Feldmann M, et al.: Correlation between serum levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1993, 36: 1111–1120.CrossRefPubMed

30. Kallinowski B, Haseroth K, Marinos G, Hanck C, Stremmel W, Theilmann L, Singer MV, Rossol S: Induction of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor type p55 and p75 in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Clin Exp Immunol 1998, 111: 269–277.CrossRefPubMed 31. Zylberberg H, Rimaniol AC, Pol S, Masson A, De Groote D, Berthelot P, Bach JF, Bréchot C, Zavala F: Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase in chronic hepatitis C: a correlation with histological fibrosis and activity. J Hepatol 1999, 30: 185–191.CrossRefPubMed 32. Kaplanski G, Marin V, Maisonobe T, Sbai A, Farnarier C, Ghillani P, Thirion X, Durand JM, Harlé JR, Bongrand P, Piette JC, Cacoub P: Increased soluble p55 and p75 tumour necrosis factor-a receptors in patients with hepatitis C-associated mixed cryoglobulinaemia. Clin Exp Immunol 2002, 127: 123–130.CrossRefPubMed 33. Kubo F, Ueno S, Hiwatashi K, Sakoda M, Kawaida K, Nuruki K, Aikou T: Interleukin 8 in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Correlates With Cancer Cell Invasion of Vessels But Not With Tumor Angiogenesis. Ann Surg Oncol 2005, 12: 800–807.CrossRefPubMed 34. Schwartz M, Roayaie S, Konstadoulakis M: Strategies for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Antibiotics Ampicillin, penicillin G, kanamycin, rifampicin and tetracycline hydrochloride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Inc. (St. Louis MO – USA) while cefotaxime was obtained from Labesfal-Laboratórios de Almiro SA (Amadora – Portugal). They were dissolved in distilled water and filter-sterilized using a 0.22 μm PES syringe filter from Tpp-Techno Plastic Products AG (Trasadingen – Switzerland) prior to addition to the media. Phages All phages used in this work are virulent and are listed in Table 1 along with their sizes and hosts. The phages were isolated from sewage (purified by several isolation of single plaques)

and represent the three families in the order Caudovirales, which include 96% of all observed phages [16]. The Pseudomonas fluorescens phage phi IBB-PF7A was already described by Sillankorva et al [26]. Phage dimensions were determined by Dr. selleck Hans-W. Ackermann (Université Ion Channel Ligand Library Laval, Quebec, Canada – personal communication). Table 1 Phages used. PHAGE FAMILY DIMENSIONS (nm) HOST phi PVP-SE1 Myoviridae Tail:120 × 18; head: 84 Salmonella enterica Enteritidis phi PVP-SE2 Siphoviridae Tail:125 × 8; head: 57 Salmonella enterica Enteritidis phi IBB-PF7A Podoviridae Tail:13 × 8; head: 63 Pseudomonas fluorescens phi IBB-SL58B Podoviridae Tail:13 × 9; head: 64 Staphylococcus

lentus Determination of phage titer The titer of each phage, expressed as plaque forming units (pfu), was determined using the DLA technique as described by Sambrook and Russel [27]. Briefly, 100 μl of a dilution of the phage sample was added to 100 μl of a bacterial suspension

grown overnight at 37°C, 120 rpm. This solution was added to 4 ml top agar, gently homogenized, and poured Fossariinae into a 90 mm petri dish (Plastiques-Gosselin, Borre – France) previously prepared with 10 ml bottom agar. The plates were gently swirled, dried for 10 min at room temperature and then inverted and incubated at 37°C overnight. To test the effects of antibiotics on plaque size, the corresponding antibiotic was added at the concentration desired to the bottom, top or both agar layers after sterilization of the medium. Glycerol was added to the top, bottom or both layers before sterilization. Phage plaque size Pictures of the plates were taken with a Hewlett-Packard Scanjet 3300C scanner, using a black background to avoid distortion and to allow equal light exposure and contrast conditions in all photographs. The photographs were not adjusted for brightness, contrast or colour. In order to obtain accurate dimensions, the diameter and area of the plaques were automatically determined from photographs at 4-fold magnification using the computer image analysis program Sigma Scan Pro, version 5.0.0 of SPSS Inc (Chicago – USA). Each value is the average of up to 20 plaque measurements. Microscopic observation of bacterial cells Bacterial cells were grown for 7 h in LB with or without glycerol and supplemented with an antibiotic (0.5 mg/l ampicillin, 0.06 mg/l cefotaxime or 1.5 mg/l tetracycline).

Gas sensing properties The dynamic changes in resistance of sensors with different mixing ratios of P3HT:1.00 mol% Au/ZnO NPs (1:0, 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 1:2, and 0:1) are shown in Figure  7. It is seen that all sensors exhibit an increase of resistance during NH3 exposure, indicating a p-type-like gas sensing behavior. In addition, it is observed that the baseline resistance monotonically increases with increasing content of 1.00 mol% Au/ZnO NPs in accordance with the typical combination of materials’ resistances. Furthermore, P3HT exhibits a moderate NH3 response, while 1.00 mol%

BV-6 supplier Au/ZnO NPs give very low response to NH3 at room temperature. Moreover, the addition of 1.00 mol% Au/ZnO NPs into P3HT at a mixing ratio up to 1:1 leads to significant enhancement in the NH3 response compared with the P3HT sensor. However, the response rapidly degrades when the amount of 1.00 mol% Au/ZnO NPs exceeds that of P3HT (1:2). From calculated changes of resistance, it is found that the sensor with 4:1 of P3HT:1.00 mol% Au/ZnO NPs exhibits the highest value, indicating that it is the optimal P3HT:1.00 mol% Au/ZnO NPs composite sensor. Since the optimal mixing ratio of the Au/ZnO NPs and P3HT of 1:4 is at the lowest border of the investigated

range, it is possible that the actual optimal concentration will be at a lower concentration value and further detailed investigation should be conducted to refine the result. The obtained optimal performances of P3HT:Au/ZnO sensors GANT61 are superior to other reports presented Diflunisal in Table  1 with a relatively high response magnitude of 32 and wide concentration range of 1,000 ppm. However, the response at lower concentration may be lower than some work such as ZnO/PANI hybrid [23] and PANI/TiO2 nanocomposite thin films [21]. Figure 7 Change in resistance. The resistance of sensors with difference ratio of P3HT:1.00 mol% Au/ZnO NPs (1:0, 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 1:2, and 0:1) toward 25 to 1,000 ppm NH3 at room temperature. The sensor characteristics

are then analyzed in terms of sensor response and response time. The sensor response (S) is determined from the electrical resistance change of P3HT:1.00 mol% Au/ZnO NPs sensors upon exposure to target gas using the following relation: S = R gas/R air, where R gas and R air are the stable electrical resistance of a sensor upon exposure to NH3 and the initial resistance in air, respectively. The response time is defined as the time needed for a sensor to attain 90% of maximum change in resistance upon exposure to a test gas. The calculated sensor response and response time of optimal sensors with 4:1 of P3HT:1.00 mol% Au/ZnO NPs are shown in Figure  8. Apparently, the sensor response to NH3 gas monotonically increases upon exposure with increasing NH3 concentration from 25 to 1,000 ppm. At 1,000 ppm, the composite sensor prepared with the 4:1 ratio exhibits the highest NH3 response of 32 and a short response time of 4.2 s.

POR were used to select factors for inclusion in the multiple logistic regression models and the final model included all factors that were significant in at least one of the models for serious, serious or moderate or any severity incidents. In addition, some factors of interest such as those based on the hours sprayed of the different pesticide types were kept in the final model. Clustering effects for country were incorporated in the model. Poisson and

negative binomial regression models were used to model the numbers of incidents. Negative binomial regression was used when there was evidence that the individual counts were more variable (“overdispersed”) click here than is implied by the Poisson model, i.e., the assumption of equal mean and variance was not met. The negative binomial regression models included an offset term for the logarithm of hours sprayed in the last year and the exponentials of parameter estimates are interpreted as incidence rate ratios (IRR). Clustering effects for country were also incorporated in these models. The

numbers of incidents that could be attributed to the different classes of pesticides

were modelled using generalised negative binomial regression. SB202190 purchase These data also showed evidence of overdispersion, but in this case there was evidence that the degree of overdispersion was not the same for the numbers of herbicide, insecticide and fungicide-related incidents and generalised binomial regression methods were used. mafosfamide Information on symptoms, the frequency that symptoms occurred and the circumstances in which they occurred were provided for each product mention. Analyses of symptoms by product group treated each product mention as the unit of analysis. All statistical analyses were performed using Stata version 9 (Stata Corp., College Station, TX, USA). Results Table 1 provides summary information on farm sizes, amount of spraying done, types of pesticides used, sprayer used and type of user for the populations surveyed in different countries. A more detailed description of the demographic characteristics of users, their knowledge and practices is given by Matthews (2008).

A number of novel methanogen sequences were also found, but their functional role in the digestion and health of the white rhinoceros awaits further investigation. Availability of supporting data The data sets supporting the results of this article are included within the article. Acknowledgments This work was Selleckchem LXH254 supported by Young Scientist Fund of Department of Education of Sichuan Province

(112A081). The authors thank Yunnan Wilde Animals Park for the providing of the white rhinoceros. References 1. Clauss M, Polster C, Kienzle E, Wiesner H, Baumgartner K, Von Houwald F, Ortmann S, Streich WJ, Dierenfeld ES: Studies on digestive physiology and feed digestibilities in captive Indian rhinoceros ( Rhinoceros unicornis ). J Anim Physiol An N 2005,89(3–6):229–237.CrossRef Alisertib molecular weight 2. IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)

Red list of threatened species. 2012. http://​www.​iucnredlist.​org/​details/​4185/​0 3. Hackstein JHP, van Alen TA: Fecal methanogens and vertebrate evolution. Evolution 1996,50(2):559–572.CrossRef 4. Samuel BS, Gordon JI: A humanized gnotobiotic mouse model of host-archaeal-bacterial mutualism. P Natl Acad Sci USA 2006,103(26):10011–10016.CrossRef 5. Johnson K, Johnson D: Methane emissions from cattle. J Anim Sci 1995,73(8):2483–2492.PubMed 6. Machmüller A, Ossowski D, Kreuzer M: Comparative evaluation of the effects of coconut oil, oilseeds and crystalline fat on methane release, digestion and energy balance in lambs. Anim Feed Sci Tech

2000,85(1–2):41–60.CrossRef 7. Miller TL, Wolin M: Methanogens in human and animal intestinal tracts. Syst Appl Microbiol 1986,7(2–3):223–229.CrossRef 8. Miller TL, Wolin M, Kusel E: Isolation and characterization of methanogens from animal feces. Syst Appl Microbiol 1986,8(3):234–238.CrossRef 9. Wright ADG, Williams AJ, Winder B, Christophersen CT, Rodgers SL, Smith KD: Molecular Orotic acid diversity of rumen methanogens from sheep in Western Australia. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004,70(3):1263–1270.PubMedCrossRef 10. Denman SE, Tomkins NW, McSweeney CS: Quantitation and diversity analysis of ruminal methanogenic populations in response to the antimethanogenic compound bromochloromethane. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2007,62(3):313–322.PubMedCrossRef 11. Wright ADG, Auckland CH, Lynn DH: Molecular diversity of methanogens in feedlot cattle from Ontario and Prince Edward Island, Canada. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007,73(13):4206–4210.PubMedCrossRef 12. Pei CX, Mao SY, Cheng YF, Zhu WY: Diversity, abundance and novel 16S rRNA gene sequences of methanogens in rumen liquid, solid and epithelium fractions of Jinnan cattle. Animal 2010,4(1):20–29.PubMedCrossRef 13. Zhang H, DiBaise JK, Zuccolo A, Kudrna D, Braidotti M, Yu Y, Parameswaran P, Crowell MD, Wing R, Rittmann BE: Human gut microbiota in obesity and after gastric bypass. Natl Acad Sci USA 2009,106(7):2365–2370.CrossRef 14.